Annular Solar Eclipses with Durations Exceeding 09m 00s

3001 to 4000 ( 3001 CE to 4000 CE )

Introduction

Eclipses of the Sun can only occur during the New Moon phase. It is then possible for the Moon's penumbral, umbral or antumbral shadows to sweep across Earth's surface thereby producing an eclipse. Not all New Moons result in a solar eclipse because the Moon's orbit is tilted about 5 degrees to Earth's about the Sun. Consequently, the Moon's shadows miss Earth at most New Moon's. Nevertheless, there are 2 to 5 solar eclipses every calendar year. There are four types of solar eclipses: partial, annular, total and hybrid[1]. For more information, see Basic Solar Eclipse Geometry.


Solar Eclipses: 3001 to 4000

During the 10 century period 3001 to 4000 ( 3001 CE to 4000 CE[2]), Earth will experience 2365 solar eclipses. The following table shows the number of eclipses of each type over this period.

Solar Eclipses: 3001 - 4000
Eclipse Type Symbol Number Percent
All Eclipses - 2365100.0%
PartialP 829 35.1%
AnnularA 741 31.3%
TotalT 625 26.4%
HybridH 170 7.2%

Annular and total eclipses can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes during the 40th century CE appears in the following three tables (no Hybrids are included since all are central with two limits).

Annular and Total Eclipses
Classification Number Percent
All 1366100.0%
Central (two limits) 1324 96.9%
Central (one limit) 20 1.5%
Non-Central (one limit) 22 1.6%
Annular Eclipses
Classification Number Percent
All Annular Eclipses 741100.0%
Central (two limits) 710 95.8%
Central (one limit) 15 2.0%
Non-Central (one limit) 16 2.2%
Total Eclipses
Classification Number Percent
All Total Eclipses 625100.0%
Central (two limits) 614 98.2%
Central (one limit) 5 0.8%
Non-Central (one limit) 6 1.0%

Long Annular Solar Eclipses

The longest central[3] solar eclipses of this period are:

          Longest Total   Solar Eclipse:    3991 Jul 25      Duration = 07m18s
          Longest Annular Solar Eclipse:    3080 Jan 14      Duration = 12m09s
          Longest Hybrid  Solar Eclipse:    3667 Jan 07      Duration = 01m45s

Long Annular Solar Eclipses are relatively rare. The following catalog lists concise details and local circumstances for all Annular Solar Eclipses with durations exceeding 09m 00s. The Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipses contains a detailed description and explanation of each item listed in the catalog. For eclipses from -1999 to +3000, the Catalog Number in the first column serves as a link to a global map of Earth showing the geographic visibility of each eclipse. The date and time of the eclipse are given at the instant of greatest eclipse[4] in Terrestrial Dynamical Time. The Saros Number in the sixth column links to a table listing all eclipses in the Saros series. The Key to Solar Eclipse Maps explains the features plotted on each map.

The data presented here are based in part on the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000.



Catalog of Long Annular Solar Eclipses: 3001 to 4000


                      TD of
Catalog  Calendar   Greatest          Luna Saros Ecl.           Ecl.                Sun Sun  Path Central
Number     Date      Eclipse     ΔT    Num  Num  Type  Gamma    Mag.   Lat.   Long. Alt Azm Width   Dur.
                                  s                                      °      °    °    °   km

-----  3007 Dec 01  22:05:03   4340  12466  168   A    0.2441  0.9251   8.0S 132.7W  76 194  291  10m13s
-----  3025 Dec 12  05:53:04   4474  12689  168   A    0.2659  0.9223   7.8S 111.0E  75 189  304  10m59s
-----  3043 Dec 23  13:45:49   4609  12912  168   A    0.2835  0.9201   6.9S   6.5W  74 185  316  11m35s
-----  3062 Jan 02  21:43:43   4746  13135  168   A    0.2965  0.9184   5.5S 125.5W  73 181  324  11m59s
-----  3080 Jan 14  05:43:42   4885  13358  168   A    0.3078  0.9174   3.4S 114.8E  72 176  330  12m09s
-----  3098 Jan 24  13:45:55   5027  13581  168   A    0.3172  0.9170   0.7S   5.6W  72 173  332  12m05s
-----  3116 Feb 05  21:46:51   5170  13804  168   A    0.3276  0.9173   2.7N 126.0W  71 169  332  11m48s
-----  3134 Feb 16  05:46:01   5316  14027  168   A    0.3394  0.9182   6.8N 113.9E  70 166  329  11m21s
-----  3152 Feb 27  13:41:04   5463  14250  168   A    0.3544  0.9197  11.5N   5.5W  69 164  324  10m48s
-----  3170 Mar 09  21:32:05   5612  14473  168   A    0.3726  0.9216  16.6N 123.9W  68 162  318  10m10s

-----  3188 Mar 20  05:15:10   5764  14696  168   A    0.3975  0.9241  22.4N 119.4E  66 161  310  09m28s
-----  3352 Nov 28  22:50:10   7239  16733  193   A    0.7978  0.9219  31.7N 132.2W  37 184  490  09m48s
-----  3361 Nov 19  17:35:39   7324  16844  174   A    0.7389  0.9225  26.0N  42.0W  42 200  426  09m36s
-----  3370 Dec 10  06:33:12   7411  16956  193   A    0.7724  0.9194  28.0N 109.7E  39 179  482  10m31s
-----  3379 Dec 01  01:11:52   7497  17067  174   A    0.7703  0.9195  27.5N 157.3W  39 195  473  10m11s
-----  3388 Dec 20  14:22:50   7585  17179  193   A    0.7523  0.9173  25.5N   9.7W  41 175  477  10m59s
-----  3397 Dec 11  08:53:43   7672  17290  174   A    0.7971  0.9169  29.5N  85.6E  37 191  520  10m36s
-----  3407 Jan 01  22:17:56   7760  17402  193   A    0.7368  0.9155  24.1N 130.2W  42 170  473  11m13s
-----  3415 Dec 23  16:44:00   7849  17513  174   A    0.8167  0.9149  31.5N  34.1W  35 186  562  10m51s
-----  3425 Jan 12  06:15:52   7938  17625  193   A    0.7234  0.9144  23.6N 108.8E  43 165  467  11m11s

-----  3434 Jan 03  00:38:28   8027  17736  174   A    0.8327  0.9134  33.9N 155.2W  33 181  599  10m52s
-----  3443 Jan 23  14:17:23   8118  17848  193   A    0.7130  0.9138  24.0N  12.9W  44 161  460  10m57s
-----  3452 Jan 14  08:38:03   8208  17959  174   A    0.8446  0.9126  36.5N  82.1E  32 176  625  10m42s
-----  3461 Feb 02  22:18:37   8300  18071  193   A    0.7020  0.9138  25.0N 134.5W  45 156  450  10m32s
-----  3470 Jan 24  16:38:42   8391  18182  174   A    0.8554  0.9124  39.5N  41.2W  31 170  646  10m19s
-----  3479 Feb 14  06:19:35   8483  18294  193   A    0.6910  0.9145  26.6N 104.1E  46 153  438  10m02s
-----  3488 Feb 05  00:41:42   8576  18405  174   A    0.8645  0.9129  42.8N 165.3W  30 165  659  09m48s
-----  3497 Feb 24  14:16:27   8669  18517  193   A    0.6765  0.9158  28.6N  15.9W  47 149  423  09m29s
-----  3506 Feb 16  08:42:57   8762  18628  174   A    0.8749  0.9140  46.7N  70.6E  29 160  674  09m09s
-----  3620 Jan 17  23:45:11   9989  20037  196   A   -0.4432  0.9169  47.0S 129.6W  63 353  353  09m07s

-----  3638 Jan 28  07:45:56  10190  20260  196   A   -0.4319  0.9167  43.5S 113.7E  64 348  351  09m20s
-----  3656 Feb 08  15:48:12  10394  20483  196   A   -0.4218  0.9171  39.4S   4.4W  65 345  347  09m30s
-----  3674 Feb 18  23:48:22  10599  20706  196   A   -0.4098  0.9183  34.7S 123.0W  66 343  339  09m36s
-----  3688 Nov 06  11:17:53  10768  20888  199   A    0.3528  0.9314   4.0N  55.1E  69 191  274  09m36s
-----  3692 Mar 01  07:46:28  10807  20929  196   A   -0.3958  0.9200  29.6S 118.2E  67 341  329  09m38s
-----  3706 Nov 18  18:39:35  10977  21111  199   A    0.3094  0.9286   1.3S  55.7W  72 187  281  10m14s
-----  3710 Mar 13  15:39:53  11016  21152  196   A   -0.3778  0.9223  24.2S   0.2W  68 341  316  09m36s
-----  3724 Nov 29  02:09:49  11188  21334  199   A    0.2728  0.9260   5.5S 168.2W  74 183  289  10m44s
-----  3728 Mar 23  23:29:14  11227  21375  196   A   -0.3565  0.9251  18.5S 117.9W  69 342  301  09m30s
-----  3742 Dec 10  09:47:39  11402  21557  199   A    0.2425  0.9238   8.7S  78.0E  76 179  296  11m03s

-----  3746 Apr 04  07:10:02  11441  21598  196   A   -0.3277  0.9285  12.6S 126.3E  71 343  283  09m19s
-----  3760 Dec 20  17:32:23  11617  21780  199   A    0.2178  0.9218  10.8S  37.1W  77 175  303  11m12s
-----  3764 Apr 14  14:45:24  11656  21821  196   A   -0.2943  0.9321   6.7S  11.7E  73 345  265  09m02s
-----  3779 Jan 01  01:23:21  11834  22003  199   A    0.1982  0.9204  11.6S 153.6W  79 170  307  11m10s
-----  3797 Jan 11  09:19:50  12053  22226  199   A    0.1829  0.9195  11.4S  88.7E  80 166  310  10m59s
-----  3815 Jan 23  17:18:36  12274  22449  199   A    0.1692  0.9192  10.2S  29.7W  80 162  310  10m40s
-----  3833 Feb 03  01:20:50  12497  22672  199   A    0.1581  0.9194   8.2S 149.1W  81 158  309  10m17s
-----  3851 Feb 14  09:22:25  12722  22895  199   A    0.1460  0.9204   5.5S  91.5E  82 155  304  09m51s
-----  3869 Feb 24  17:24:10  12950  23118  199   A    0.1340  0.9219   2.4S  28.1W  82 153  297  09m23s
-----  3919 Dec 05  19:38:00  13600  23746  202   A    0.0143  0.9265  21.4S  60.6W  89 195  277  09m34s


Catalog of Long Annular Solar Eclipses: 3001 to 4000


                      TD of
Catalog  Calendar   Greatest          Luna Saros Ecl.           Ecl.                Sun Sun  Path Central
Number     Date      Eclipse     ΔT    Num  Num  Type  Gamma    Mag.   Lat.   Long. Alt Azm Width   Dur.
                                  s                                      °      °    °    °   km

-----  3937 Dec 16  03:18:37  13835  23969  202   Am   0.0434  0.9246  20.7S 173.5W  88 189  285  10m08s
-----  3955 Jan 07  11:36:44  14059  24180  192   A    0.7524  0.9285  26.8N  64.1E  41 179  408  09m05s
-----  3955 Dec 27  11:04:44  14072  24192  202   A    0.0681  0.9231  19.3S  72.0E  86 184  291  10m35s
-----  3973 Jan 17  19:41:03  14298  24403  192   A    0.7667  0.9255  29.6N  58.9W  40 174  437  09m17s
-----  3974 Jan 06  18:58:48  14311  24415  202   A    0.0864  0.9221  17.4S  44.6W  85 179  296  10m53s
-----  3991 Jan 29  03:45:55  14539  24626  192   A    0.7800  0.9230  32.9N 177.8E  38 170  463  09m18s
-----  3992 Jan 18  02:56:27  14552  24638  202   A    0.1017  0.9216  14.8S 162.5W  84 175  298  11m00s


Calendar

The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..


Predictions

The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).

The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:

  1. pre-1950's: ΔT calculated from empirical fits to historical records derived by Morrison and Stephenson (2004)
  2. 1955-present: ΔT obtained from published observations
  3. future: ΔT is extrapolated from current values weighted by the long term trend from tidal effects

A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.


Footnotes

[1] Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. (See: Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses)

[2] The terms BCE and CE are abbreviations for "Before Common Era" and "Common Era," respectively. They are the secular equivalents to the BC and AD dating conventions. (See: Year Dating Conventions )

[3] Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).

[4] Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to the Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is virtually identical to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.


Acknowledgments

Special thanks to Dan McGlaun for extracting the individual eclipse maps from the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 for use in this catalog.

The Besselian elements used in the predictions were kindly provided by Jean Meeus. All eclipse calculations are by Fred Espenak, and he assumes full responsibility for their accuracy. Some of the information presented on this web site is based on data originally published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000

Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:

"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)"


Eclipse Links

Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses

Ten Millennium Catalog of Long Solar Eclipses

Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series

World Atlas of Solar Eclipse Paths

2007 May 11