The periodicity and recurrence of solar (and lunar) eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses. Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole.
Solar eclipses of Saros 10 all occur at the Moon’s descending node and the Moon moves northward with each eclipse. The series began with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on -2467 Feb 28. The series ended with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on -1169 Apr 18. The total duration of Saros series 10 is 1298.17 years. In summary:
First Eclipse = -2467 Feb 28 08:05:14 TD
Last Eclipse = -1169 Apr 18 01:22:14 TD
Duration of Saros 10 = 1298.17 Years
Saros 10 is composed of 73 solar eclipses as follows:
| Solar Eclipses of Saros 10 | |||
| Eclipse Type | Symbol | Number | Percent |
| All Eclipses | - | 73 | 100.0% |
| Partial | P | 31 | 42.5% |
| Annular | A | 30 | 41.1% |
| Total | T | 9 | 12.3% |
| Hybrid[3] | H | 3 | 4.1% |
Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 10 appears in the following table.
| Umbral Eclipses of Saros 10 | ||
| Classification | Number | Percent |
| All Umbral Eclipses | 42 | 100.0% |
| Central (two limits) | 42 | 100.0% |
| Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
| Non-Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
The following string illustrates the sequence of the 73 eclipses in Saros 10: 8P 30A 3H 9T 23P
The longest and shortest eclipses of Saros 10 as well as other eclipse extrema are listed below.
Longest Total Solar Eclipse: -1692 Jun 07 Duration = 01m38s
Shortest Total Solar Eclipse: -1584 Aug 11 Duration = 00m51s
Longest Annular Solar Eclipse: -2215 Jul 29 Duration = 08m33s
Shortest Annular Solar Eclipse: -1800 Apr 03 Duration = 00m02s
Longest Hybrid Solar Eclipse: -1746 May 06 Duration = 01m16s
Shortest Hybrid Solar Eclipse: -1782 Apr 14 Duration = 00m30s
Largest Partial Solar Eclipse: -1566 Aug 22 Magnitude = 0.9567
Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse: -2467 Feb 28 Magnitude = 0.0133
Local circumstances at greatest eclipse[4] for every eclipse of Saros 10 are presented in the following catalog. The sequence number in the first column links to a global map showing regions of eclipse visibility. A detailed key and additional information about the catalog can be found at: Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.
For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, see Saros 010 Animation.
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
01 -34 -2467 Feb 28 08:05:14 56696 -55248 Pb -1.5553 0.0133 69.9S 78.6E 0 219
02 -33 -2449 Mar 11 14:52:36 56220 -55025 P -1.4952 0.1154 70.6S 38.1W 0 232
03 -32 -2431 Mar 21 21:30:34 55746 -54802 P -1.4275 0.2307 71.2S 152.9W 0 245
04 -31 -2413 Apr 02 04:01:13 55273 -54579 P -1.3540 0.3563 71.5S 93.7E 0 258
05 -30 -2395 Apr 12 10:25:40 54803 -54356 P -1.2755 0.4908 71.6S 18.3W 0 272
06 -29 -2377 Apr 23 16:44:10 54335 -54133 P -1.1919 0.6341 71.5S 128.8W 0 285
07 -28 -2359 May 03 23:00:27 53869 -53910 P -1.1061 0.7811 71.2S 121.5E 0 298
08 -27 -2341 May 15 05:14:50 53405 -53687 P -1.0181 0.9317 70.6S 12.6E 0 311
09 -26 -2323 May 25 11:30:10 52943 -53464 A -0.9306 0.9402 51.1S 116.0W 21 341 608 05m57s
10 -25 -2305 Jun 05 17:46:45 52483 -53241 A -0.8436 0.9417 38.1S 139.0E 32 349 401 06m41s
11 -24 -2287 Jun 16 00:07:59 52025 -53018 A -0.7599 0.9420 28.1S 36.7E 40 354 330 07m19s
12 -23 -2269 Jun 27 06:34:07 51569 -52795 A -0.6796 0.9415 20.0S 65.2W 47 359 295 07m51s
13 -22 -2251 Jul 07 13:06:30 51115 -52572 A -0.6040 0.9406 13.4S 167.5W 53 3 276 08m14s
14 -21 -2233 Jul 18 19:47:11 50663 -52349 A -0.5347 0.9393 8.3S 89.0E 58 7 266 08m28s
15 -20 -2215 Jul 29 02:36:52 50213 -52126 A -0.4724 0.9378 4.6S 16.2W 62 12 261 08m33s
16 -19 -2197 Aug 09 09:37:05 49765 -51903 A -0.4181 0.9360 2.4S 123.5W 65 16 260 08m32s
17 -18 -2179 Aug 19 16:46:14 49319 -51680 A -0.3707 0.9344 1.6S 127.2E 68 20 262 08m27s
18 -17 -2161 Aug 31 00:07:20 48874 -51457 A -0.3326 0.9327 2.1S 15.0E 71 23 265 08m20s
19 -16 -2143 Sep 10 07:37:20 48433 -51234 A -0.3011 0.9313 3.7S 99.5W 72 26 268 08m13s
20 -15 -2125 Sep 21 15:18:13 47992 -51011 A -0.2782 0.9302 6.3S 143.1E 74 28 270 08m06s
21 -14 -2107 Oct 01 23:06:32 47555 -50788 A -0.2607 0.9295 9.6S 23.8E 75 30 272 07m59s
22 -13 -2089 Oct 13 07:04:07 47118 -50565 A -0.2501 0.9294 13.5S 97.9W 75 30 272 07m51s
23 -12 -2071 Oct 23 15:06:44 46685 -50342 A -0.2430 0.9298 17.7S 139.3E 76 30 270 07m42s
24 -11 -2053 Nov 03 23:14:31 46253 -50119 A -0.2395 0.9309 22.0S 15.3E 76 29 266 07m32s
25 -10 -2035 Nov 14 07:24:29 45823 -49896 A -0.2371 0.9326 26.1S 108.7W 76 28 259 07m19s
26 -09 -2017 Nov 25 15:36:08 45395 -49673 A -0.2359 0.9350 29.9S 127.3E 76 25 249 07m03s
27 -08 -1999 Dec 05 23:45:23 44969 -49450 A -0.2317 0.9382 32.9S 4.7E 76 21 236 06m44s
28 -07 -1981 Dec 17 07:52:15 44545 -49227 A -0.2249 0.9420 35.0S 116.7W 77 16 220 06m21s
29 -06 -1963 Dec 27 15:54:04 44123 -49004 A -0.2134 0.9464 35.9S 123.6E 77 11 202 05m54s
30 -05 -1944 Jan 07 23:51:29 43703 -48781 A -0.1977 0.9514 35.5S 5.2E 78 6 182 05m24s
31 -04 -1926 Jan 18 07:40:04 43285 -48558 A -0.1741 0.9570 33.5S 111.3W 80 0 159 04m50s
32 -03 -1908 Jan 29 15:22:41 42869 -48335 A -0.1448 0.9628 30.3S 133.0E 81 356 136 04m13s
33 -02 -1890 Feb 08 22:55:57 42455 -48112 A -0.1069 0.9690 25.8S 18.7E 84 352 112 03m32s
34 -01 -1872 Feb 20 06:23:37 42043 -47889 A -0.0635 0.9753 20.3S 95.0W 86 348 88 02m49s
35 00 -1854 Mar 02 13:41:30 41633 -47666 A -0.0113 0.9817 13.9S 152.9E 89 347 65 02m05s
36 01 -1836 Mar 12 20:55:13 41225 -47443 A 0.0456 0.9880 6.9S 41.2E 87 163 43 01m22s
37 02 -1818 Mar 24 04:01:15 40819 -47220 Am 0.1098 0.9939 0.8N 69.1W 84 162 21 00m40s
38 03 -1800 Apr 03 11:04:05 40416 -46997 A 0.1778 0.9997 8.7N 178.9W 80 162 1 00m02s
39 04 -1782 Apr 14 18:01:43 40014 -46774 H 0.2512 1.0049 17.1N 72.4E 75 161 17 00m30s
40 05 -1764 Apr 25 00:58:42 39614 -46551 H 0.3262 1.0096 25.6N 36.2W 71 161 35 00m57s
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
41 06 -1746 May 06 07:54:16 39216 -46328 H 0.4033 1.0136 34.2N 144.1W 66 162 51 01m16s
42 07 -1728 May 16 14:50:12 38820 -46105 T 0.4811 1.0170 42.8N 108.4E 61 162 66 01m30s
43 08 -1710 May 27 21:48:23 38426 -45882 T 0.5580 1.0196 51.3N 1.1E 56 164 81 01m36s
44 09 -1692 Jun 07 04:50:08 38034 -45659 T 0.6331 1.0216 59.6N 105.3W 50 167 95 01m38s
45 10 -1674 Jun 18 11:56:44 37645 -45436 T 0.7047 1.0227 67.4N 150.0E 45 173 110 01m36s
46 11 -1656 Jun 28 19:08:31 37257 -45213 T 0.7729 1.0231 74.4N 50.7E 39 185 125 01m31s
47 12 -1638 Jul 10 02:27:59 36871 -44990 T 0.8355 1.0227 79.4N 35.3W 33 212 142 01m24s
48 13 -1620 Jul 20 09:55:17 36487 -44767 T 0.8927 1.0217 79.8N 106.9W 26 255 166 01m16s
49 14 -1602 Jul 31 17:30:59 36105 -44544 T 0.9438 1.0198 75.5N 167.7E 19 285 209 01m06s
50 15 -1584 Aug 11 01:16:09 35726 -44321 T 0.9879 1.0164 68.0N 70.5E 8 305 414 00m51s
51 16 -1566 Aug 22 09:11:28 35348 -44098 P 1.0244 0.9567 62.0N 45.0W 0 308
52 17 -1548 Sep 01 17:16:45 34972 -43875 P 1.0539 0.9018 61.4N 176.9W 0 299
53 18 -1530 Sep 13 01:30:42 34598 -43652 P 1.0771 0.8587 61.0N 49.2E 0 290
54 19 -1512 Sep 23 09:54:09 34226 -43429 P 1.0935 0.8282 60.7N 87.0W 0 281
55 20 -1494 Oct 04 18:25:40 33857 -43206 P 1.1040 0.8087 60.6N 134.9E 0 272
56 21 -1476 Oct 15 03:04:02 33489 -42983 P 1.1097 0.7982 60.7N 4.8W 0 262
57 22 -1458 Oct 26 11:47:51 33123 -42760 P 1.1115 0.7949 60.9N 146.0W 0 253
58 23 -1440 Nov 05 20:35:39 32759 -42537 P 1.1108 0.7964 61.3N 71.7E 0 244
59 24 -1422 Nov 17 05:26:18 32398 -42314 P 1.1083 0.8014 61.9N 71.3W 0 234
60 25 -1404 Nov 27 14:16:25 32038 -42091 P 1.1066 0.8051 62.6N 145.6E 0 225
61 26 -1386 Dec 08 23:06:43 31680 -41868 P 1.1054 0.8081 63.4N 2.2E 0 215
62 27 -1368 Dec 19 07:53:14 31324 -41645 P 1.1072 0.8055 64.3N 140.6W 0 205
63 28 -1350 Dec 30 16:36:22 30971 -41422 P 1.1125 0.7964 65.3N 77.2E 0 194
64 29 -1331 Jan 10 01:12:33 30619 -41199 P 1.1238 0.7761 66.4N 63.7W 0 184
65 30 -1313 Jan 21 09:43:54 30269 -40976 P 1.1394 0.7475 67.4N 156.0E 0 173
66 31 -1295 Jan 31 18:07:10 29922 -40753 P 1.1619 0.7057 68.5N 17.3E 0 161
67 32 -1277 Feb 12 02:23:05 29576 -40530 P 1.1908 0.6513 69.4N 120.2W 0 149
68 33 -1259 Feb 22 10:30:26 29232 -40307 P 1.2271 0.5823 70.2N 103.9E 0 137
69 34 -1241 Mar 05 18:30:45 28891 -40084 P 1.2695 0.5010 70.9N 30.7W 0 124
70 35 -1223 Mar 16 02:23:20 28551 -39861 P 1.3184 0.4067 71.3N 163.9W 0 110
71 36 -1205 Mar 27 10:08:41 28213 -39638 P 1.3732 0.3005 71.6N 64.5E 0 97
72 37 -1187 Apr 06 17:48:03 27878 -39415 P 1.4330 0.1840 71.5N 65.7W 0 84
73 38 -1169 Apr 18 01:22:14 27544 -39192 Pe 1.4971 0.0590 71.3N 165.5E 0 70
[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.
[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).
[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses .
[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to the Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is virtually identical to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.
The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..
The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).
The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:
A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.
Special thanks to Dan McGlaun for extracting the individual eclipse maps from the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 for use in this catalog and for preparing the Saros series animations from these maps.
The Besselian elements used in the predictions were kindly provided by Jean Meeus. All eclipse calculations are by Fred Espenak, and he assumes full responsibility for their accuracy. Some of the information presented on this web site is based on data originally published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000
Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:
"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)"
