The periodicity and recurrence of solar (and lunar) eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses. Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole.
Solar eclipses of Saros 11 all occur at the Moon’s ascending node and the Moon moves southward with each eclipse. The series began with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on -2492 Jan 06. The series ended with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on -1140 Mar 28. The total duration of Saros series 11 is 1352.26 years. In summary:
First Eclipse = -2492 Jan 06 16:40:38 TD
Last Eclipse = -1140 Mar 28 09:18:50 TD
Duration of Saros 11 = 1352.26 Years
Saros 11 is composed of 76 solar eclipses as follows:
| Solar Eclipses of Saros 11 | |||
| Eclipse Type | Symbol | Number | Percent |
| All Eclipses | - | 76 | 100.0% |
| Partial | P | 32 | 42.1% |
| Annular | A | 0 | 0.0% |
| Total | T | 44 | 57.9% |
| Hybrid[3] | H | 0 | 0.0% |
Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 11 appears in the following table.
| Umbral Eclipses of Saros 11 | ||
| Classification | Number | Percent |
| All Umbral Eclipses | 44 | 100.0% |
| Central (two limits) | 44 | 100.0% |
| Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
| Non-Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
The following string illustrates the sequence of the 76 eclipses in Saros 11: 10P 44T 22P
The longest and shortest eclipses of Saros 11 as well as other eclipse extrema are listed below.
Longest Total Solar Eclipse: -1699 Apr 27 Duration = 05m50s
Shortest Total Solar Eclipse: -2312 Apr 23 Duration = 01m20s
Largest Partial Solar Eclipse: -1519 Aug 13 Magnitude = 0.9636
Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse: -1140 Mar 28 Magnitude = 0.0093
Local circumstances at greatest eclipse[4] for every eclipse of Saros 11 are presented in the following catalog. The sequence number in the first column links to a global map showing regions of eclipse visibility. A detailed key and additional information about the catalog can be found at: Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.
For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, see Saros 011 Animation.
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
01 -39 -2492 Jan 06 16:40:38 57363 -55559 Pb 1.5379 0.0296 65.8N 161.3E 0 171
02 -38 -2474 Jan 17 00:38:03 56884 -55336 P 1.5113 0.0738 64.8N 29.8E 0 161
03 -37 -2456 Jan 28 08:28:02 56407 -55113 P 1.4779 0.1305 63.8N 99.5W 0 151
04 -36 -2438 Feb 07 16:11:16 55932 -54890 P 1.4378 0.2001 62.9N 133.2E 0 141
05 -35 -2420 Feb 18 23:45:32 55460 -54667 P 1.3894 0.2854 62.2N 8.4E 0 132
06 -34 -2402 Mar 01 07:14:11 54989 -54444 P 1.3352 0.3825 61.5N 114.8W 0 123
07 -33 -2384 Mar 11 14:35:20 54520 -54221 P 1.2739 0.4939 61.0N 124.1E 0 114
08 -32 -2366 Mar 22 21:52:15 54053 -53998 P 1.2077 0.6154 60.7N 4.1E 0 105
09 -31 -2348 Apr 02 05:03:09 53588 -53775 P 1.1353 0.7500 60.5N 114.3W 0 97
10 -30 -2330 Apr 13 12:12:37 53125 -53552 P 1.0604 0.8906 60.4N 127.7E 0 88
11 -29 -2312 Apr 23 19:19:19 52664 -53329 T 0.9820 1.0227 61.0N 31.0E 10 97 432 01m20s
12 -28 -2294 May 05 02:25:46 52205 -53106 T 0.9022 1.0313 59.3N 55.3W 25 116 243 01m58s
13 -27 -2276 May 15 09:32:55 51748 -52883 T 0.8220 1.0373 58.4N 152.7W 34 126 218 02m25s
14 -26 -2258 May 26 16:42:45 51294 -52660 T 0.7432 1.0419 57.8N 106.9E 42 135 208 02m48s
15 -25 -2240 Jun 05 23:56:09 50841 -52437 T 0.6663 1.0455 57.1N 5.0E 48 144 203 03m08s
16 -24 -2222 Jun 17 07:13:21 50390 -52214 T 0.5918 1.0481 55.8N 98.3W 53 153 198 03m25s
17 -23 -2204 Jun 27 14:37:05 49941 -51991 T 0.5221 1.0499 53.8N 155.9E 58 161 194 03m39s
18 -22 -2186 Jul 08 22:07:34 49494 -51768 T 0.4577 1.0508 51.1N 47.3E 63 169 190 03m52s
19 -21 -2168 Jul 19 05:45:41 49049 -51545 T 0.3991 1.0512 47.5N 64.5W 66 176 185 04m02s
20 -20 -2150 Jul 30 13:32:10 48607 -51322 T 0.3470 1.0509 43.3N 179.7W 69 182 180 04m08s
21 -19 -2132 Aug 09 21:28:08 48166 -51099 T 0.3022 1.0502 38.7N 61.5E 72 187 175 04m12s
22 -18 -2114 Aug 21 05:33:36 47727 -50876 T 0.2652 1.0491 33.7N 60.5W 74 191 169 04m12s
23 -17 -2096 Aug 31 13:46:57 47290 -50653 T 0.2344 1.0480 28.5N 174.7E 76 194 164 04m11s
24 -16 -2078 Sep 11 22:10:14 46856 -50430 T 0.2116 1.0467 23.3N 46.9E 78 196 159 04m08s
25 -15 -2060 Sep 22 06:41:12 46423 -50207 T 0.1947 1.0455 18.1N 83.2W 79 198 154 04m04s
26 -14 -2042 Oct 03 15:20:29 45992 -49984 T 0.1846 1.0445 13.0N 144.5E 79 198 151 04m01s
27 -13 -2024 Oct 14 00:04:14 45563 -49761 T 0.1780 1.0438 8.1N 11.0E 80 198 148 04m00s
28 -12 -2006 Oct 25 08:54:25 45136 -49538 T 0.1766 1.0434 3.6N 124.1W 80 197 147 04m00s
29 -11 -1988 Nov 04 17:46:47 44712 -49315 T 0.1768 1.0435 0.6S 100.4E 80 196 148 04m04s
30 -10 -1970 Nov 16 02:41:09 44289 -49092 T 0.1785 1.0442 4.4S 35.3W 80 193 150 04m10s
31 -09 -1952 Nov 26 11:34:24 43868 -48869 T 0.1792 1.0452 7.7S 170.7W 80 190 153 04m18s
32 -08 -1934 Dec 07 20:26:30 43450 -48646 T 0.1788 1.0468 10.4S 54.6E 80 186 158 04m28s
33 -07 -1916 Dec 18 05:14:10 43033 -48423 T 0.1747 1.0488 12.6S 78.9W 80 182 165 04m39s
34 -06 -1898 Dec 29 13:56:59 42618 -48200 T 0.1665 1.0512 14.2S 149.1E 81 178 172 04m51s
35 -05 -1879 Jan 08 22:33:28 42205 -47977 T 0.1528 1.0539 15.2S 18.7E 81 173 180 05m01s
36 -04 -1861 Jan 20 07:03:23 41795 -47754 T 0.1335 1.0568 15.7S 109.8W 82 168 189 05m11s
37 -03 -1843 Jan 30 15:24:14 41386 -47531 T 0.1064 1.0598 15.7S 124.0E 84 164 198 05m19s
38 -02 -1825 Feb 10 23:37:36 40979 -47308 T 0.0732 1.0627 15.2S 0.3W 86 160 206 05m25s
39 -01 -1807 Feb 21 07:42:02 40575 -47085 Tm 0.0323 1.0654 14.4S 122.3W 88 155 214 05m31s
40 00 -1789 Mar 04 15:39:33 40172 -46862 T -0.0146 1.0677 13.2S 117.4E 89 336 221 05m36s
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
41 01 -1771 Mar 14 23:27:17 39771 -46639 T -0.0696 1.0696 12.1S 0.4W 86 332 227 05m39s
42 02 -1753 Mar 26 07:09:38 39373 -46416 T -0.1289 1.0709 10.9S 116.9W 83 331 232 05m43s
43 03 -1735 Apr 05 14:43:41 38976 -46193 T -0.1950 1.0715 9.9S 128.8E 79 330 236 05m46s
44 04 -1717 Apr 16 22:13:43 38581 -45970 T -0.2642 1.0714 9.3S 15.3E 75 331 240 05m49s
45 05 -1699 Apr 27 05:37:08 38189 -45747 T -0.3386 1.0703 9.3S 96.5W 70 332 242 05m50s
46 06 -1681 May 08 12:59:02 37798 -45524 T -0.4138 1.0685 10.0S 151.9E 65 334 243 05m49s
47 07 -1663 May 18 20:17:26 37410 -45301 T -0.4912 1.0656 11.5S 41.0E 61 337 244 05m44s
48 08 -1645 May 30 03:35:26 37023 -45078 T -0.5683 1.0619 14.0S 70.2W 55 340 244 05m33s
49 09 -1627 Jun 09 10:53:30 36638 -44855 T -0.6445 1.0573 17.6S 178.2E 50 343 244 05m14s
50 10 -1609 Jun 20 18:13:40 36256 -44632 T -0.7181 1.0518 22.2S 65.5E 44 347 245 04m47s
51 11 -1591 Jul 01 01:36:49 35875 -44409 T -0.7886 1.0455 28.0S 48.8W 38 351 246 04m10s
52 12 -1573 Jul 12 09:03:23 35497 -44186 T -0.8554 1.0385 35.1S 164.9W 31 356 250 03m26s
53 13 -1555 Jul 22 16:35:55 35120 -43963 T -0.9162 1.0306 43.7S 76.2E 23 1 260 02m35s
54 14 -1537 Aug 03 00:14:13 34745 -43740 T -0.9713 1.0216 55.1S 47.0W 13 8 322 01m40s
55 15 -1519 Aug 13 07:59:47 34373 -43517 P -1.0198 0.9636 68.9S 178.4E 0 24
56 16 -1501 Aug 24 15:52:09 34002 -43294 P -1.0619 0.8833 69.9S 46.5E 0 36
57 17 -1483 Sep 03 23:53:00 33634 -43071 P -1.0963 0.8179 70.6S 88.2W 0 49
58 18 -1465 Sep 15 08:00:34 33267 -42848 P -1.1241 0.7653 71.2S 134.9E 0 63
59 19 -1447 Sep 25 16:14:53 32903 -42625 P -1.1457 0.7247 71.6S 4.2W 0 76
60 20 -1429 Oct 07 00:35:25 32540 -42402 P -1.1614 0.6953 71.7S 145.1W 0 91
61 21 -1411 Oct 17 09:01:51 32180 -42179 P -1.1718 0.6758 71.6S 72.5E 0 105
62 22 -1393 Oct 28 17:31:46 31821 -41956 P -1.1784 0.6633 71.2S 70.5W 0 119
63 23 -1375 Nov 08 02:03:59 31465 -41733 P -1.1825 0.6554 70.6S 146.4E 0 133
64 24 -1357 Nov 19 10:37:00 31110 -41510 P -1.1851 0.6502 69.7S 3.7E 0 146
65 25 -1339 Nov 29 19:09:57 30758 -41287 P -1.1873 0.6460 68.8S 138.3W 0 159
66 26 -1321 Dec 11 03:38:45 30407 -41064 P -1.1923 0.6371 67.7S 81.4E 0 170
67 27 -1303 Dec 21 12:04:22 30059 -40841 P -1.1992 0.6248 66.6S 57.5W 0 182
68 28 -1284 Jan 01 20:22:42 29712 -40618 P -1.2116 0.6030 65.5S 166.0E 0 193
69 29 -1266 Jan 12 04:35:06 29368 -40395 P -1.2280 0.5743 64.5S 31.4E 0 203
70 30 -1248 Jan 23 12:36:42 29025 -40172 P -1.2527 0.5310 63.6S 100.1W 0 213
71 31 -1230 Feb 02 20:30:49 28685 -39949 P -1.2827 0.4785 62.7S 130.6E 0 222
72 32 -1212 Feb 14 04:12:55 28346 -39726 P -1.3218 0.4101 62.0S 4.5E 0 232
73 33 -1194 Feb 24 11:45:31 28010 -39503 P -1.3676 0.3297 61.4S 119.0W 0 241
74 34 -1176 Mar 06 19:05:57 27676 -39280 P -1.4222 0.2341 61.0S 120.7E 0 250
75 35 -1158 Mar 18 02:17:44 27343 -39057 P -1.4826 0.1282 60.7S 2.6E 0 259
76 36 -1140 Mar 28 09:18:50 27013 -38834 Pe -1.5505 0.0093 60.6S 112.7W 0 267
[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.
[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).
[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses .
[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to the Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is virtually identical to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.
The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..
The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).
The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:
A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.
Special thanks to Dan McGlaun for extracting the individual eclipse maps from the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 for use in this catalog and for preparing the Saros series animations from these maps.
The Besselian elements used in the predictions were kindly provided by Jean Meeus. All eclipse calculations are by Fred Espenak, and he assumes full responsibility for their accuracy. Some of the information presented on this web site is based on data originally published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000
Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:
"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)"
