The periodicity and recurrence of solar (and lunar) eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses. Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole.
Solar eclipses of Saros 14 all occur at the Moon’s descending node and the Moon moves northward with each eclipse. The series began with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on -2550 Aug 11. The series ended with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on -1035 Feb 06. The total duration of Saros series 14 is 1514.53 years. In summary:
First Eclipse = -2550 Aug 11 16:44:05 TD
Last Eclipse = -1035 Feb 06 14:13:01 TD
Duration of Saros 14 = 1514.53 Years
Saros 14 is composed of 85 solar eclipses as follows:
| Solar Eclipses of Saros 14 | |||
| Eclipse Type | Symbol | Number | Percent |
| All Eclipses | - | 85 | 100.0% |
| Partial | P | 42 | 49.4% |
| Annular | A | 0 | 0.0% |
| Total | T | 43 | 50.6% |
| Hybrid[3] | H | 0 | 0.0% |
Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 14 appears in the following table.
| Umbral Eclipses of Saros 14 | ||
| Classification | Number | Percent |
| All Umbral Eclipses | 43 | 100.0% |
| Central (two limits) | 43 | 100.0% |
| Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
| Non-Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
The following string illustrates the sequence of the 85 eclipses in Saros 14: 21P 43T 21P
The longest and shortest eclipses of Saros 14 as well as other eclipse extrema are listed below.
Longest Total Solar Eclipse: -2009 Jul 02 Duration = 05m57s
Shortest Total Solar Eclipse: -2171 Mar 26 Duration = 01m15s
Largest Partial Solar Eclipse: -1396 Jul 04 Magnitude = 0.9822
Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse: -1035 Feb 06 Magnitude = 0.0444
Local circumstances at greatest eclipse[4] for every eclipse of Saros 14 are presented in the following catalog. The sequence number in the first column links to a global map showing regions of eclipse visibility. A detailed key and additional information about the catalog can be found at: Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.
For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, see Saros 014 Animation.
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
01 -37 -2550 Aug 11 16:44:05 58901 -56269 Pb -1.5142 0.0797 63.1S 135.5E 0 36
02 -36 -2532 Aug 22 00:12:58 58416 -56046 P -1.4725 0.1518 62.3S 11.9E 0 46
03 -35 -2514 Sep 02 07:52:53 57933 -55823 P -1.4389 0.2100 61.6S 114.1W 0 55
04 -34 -2496 Sep 12 15:43:14 57451 -55600 P -1.4125 0.2555 61.1S 117.4E 0 64
05 -33 -2478 Sep 23 23:42:31 56972 -55377 P -1.3925 0.2901 60.7S 13.2W 0 74
06 -32 -2460 Oct 04 07:50:33 56495 -55154 P -1.3785 0.3140 60.5S 145.8W 0 83
07 -31 -2442 Oct 15 16:05:37 56020 -54931 P -1.3694 0.3295 60.4S 79.8E 0 92
08 -30 -2424 Oct 26 00:25:29 55546 -54708 P -1.3635 0.3394 60.6S 55.7W 0 101
09 -29 -2406 Nov 06 08:49:19 55075 -54485 P -1.3600 0.3451 60.9S 167.6E 0 110
10 -28 -2388 Nov 16 17:14:24 54606 -54262 P -1.3567 0.3503 61.3S 30.6E 0 120
11 -27 -2370 Nov 28 01:40:06 54138 -54039 P -1.3529 0.3562 61.9S 106.7W 0 129
12 -26 -2352 Dec 08 10:02:36 53673 -53816 P -1.3459 0.3679 62.7S 116.6E 0 139
13 -25 -2334 Dec 19 18:23:08 53210 -53593 P -1.3363 0.3840 63.6S 19.9W 0 149
14 -24 -2316 Dec 30 02:37:44 52749 -53370 P -1.3216 0.4094 64.6S 155.2W 0 159
15 -23 -2297 Jan 10 10:46:48 52290 -53147 P -1.3012 0.4449 65.6S 70.4E 0 169
16 -22 -2279 Jan 20 18:47:59 51832 -52924 P -1.2737 0.4939 66.7S 62.3W 0 180
17 -21 -2261 Feb 01 02:42:54 51377 -52701 P -1.2403 0.5539 67.7S 166.0E 0 191
18 -20 -2243 Feb 11 10:30:04 50924 -52478 P -1.1998 0.6277 68.7S 35.6E 0 202
19 -19 -2225 Feb 22 18:09:26 50473 -52255 P -1.1522 0.7155 69.6S 93.3W 0 214
20 -18 -2207 Mar 05 01:41:44 50023 -52032 P -1.0979 0.8168 70.4S 139.0E 0 227
21 -17 -2189 Mar 16 09:07:56 49576 -51809 P -1.0375 0.9304 71.1S 12.3E 0 240
22 -16 -2171 Mar 26 16:28:48 49131 -51586 T -0.9718 1.0206 71.0S 154.2W 13 292 312 01m15s
23 -15 -2153 Apr 06 23:44:57 48688 -51363 T -0.9014 1.0296 60.1S 63.0E 25 321 232 02m03s
24 -14 -2135 Apr 17 06:58:36 48247 -51140 T -0.8277 1.0370 49.3S 59.8W 34 332 220 02m49s
25 -13 -2117 Apr 28 14:10:41 47808 -50917 T -0.7516 1.0431 39.2S 177.4W 41 338 216 03m33s
26 -12 -2099 May 08 21:21:47 47371 -50694 T -0.6736 1.0483 29.7S 67.4E 47 342 216 04m16s
27 -11 -2081 May 20 04:34:08 46935 -50471 T -0.5957 1.0525 20.9S 46.8W 53 346 215 04m53s
28 -10 -2063 May 30 11:48:26 46502 -50248 T -0.5184 1.0559 12.9S 160.6W 59 350 215 05m23s
29 -09 -2045 Jun 10 19:07:24 46071 -50025 T -0.4442 1.0583 5.7S 85.4E 64 354 214 05m44s
30 -08 -2027 Jun 21 02:29:23 45642 -49802 T -0.3718 1.0599 0.7N 28.7W 68 357 212 05m55s
31 -07 -2009 Jul 02 09:59:02 45215 -49579 T -0.3050 1.0606 5.9N 143.9W 72 2 209 05m57s
32 -06 -1991 Jul 12 17:34:12 44790 -49356 T -0.2421 1.0606 10.0N 100.3E 76 6 205 05m50s
33 -05 -1973 Jul 24 01:18:22 44367 -49133 T -0.1865 1.0601 12.9N 17.3W 79 10 201 05m38s
34 -04 -1955 Aug 03 09:08:54 43946 -48910 T -0.1359 1.0589 14.5N 136.0W 82 15 196 05m22s
35 -03 -1937 Aug 14 17:09:41 43526 -48687 T -0.0934 1.0574 14.8N 102.8E 85 19 190 05m05s
36 -02 -1919 Aug 25 01:18:07 43109 -48464 T -0.0570 1.0556 13.9N 20.3W 87 23 184 04m49s
37 -01 -1901 Sep 05 09:35:37 42694 -48241 T -0.0279 1.0537 12.0N 146.0W 88 27 178 04m33s
38 00 -1883 Sep 15 18:00:59 42281 -48018 T -0.0050 1.0518 9.2N 86.2E 90 35 172 04m20s
39 01 -1865 Sep 27 02:35:16 41870 -47795 T 0.0102 1.0500 5.6N 44.2W 89 207 166 04m09s
40 02 -1847 Oct 07 11:15:47 41461 -47572 T 0.0209 1.0485 1.7N 176.4W 89 209 161 04m01s
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
41 03 -1829 Oct 18 20:01:55 41054 -47349 T 0.0269 1.0472 2.6S 49.9E 88 210 157 03m56s
42 04 -1811 Oct 29 04:52:15 40649 -47126 T 0.0298 1.0464 6.8S 84.8W 88 209 155 03m53s
43 05 -1793 Nov 09 13:46:13 40246 -46903 Tm 0.0296 1.0461 11.0S 139.7E 88 207 153 03m54s
44 06 -1775 Nov 19 22:40:15 39845 -46680 T 0.0296 1.0462 14.7S 4.6E 88 205 154 03m58s
45 07 -1757 Dec 01 07:34:28 39446 -46457 T 0.0292 1.0468 17.8S 130.2W 88 201 156 04m05s
46 08 -1739 Dec 11 16:25:31 39049 -46234 T 0.0317 1.0479 20.1S 96.1E 88 197 159 04m15s
47 09 -1721 Dec 23 01:13:39 38654 -46011 T 0.0364 1.0494 21.3S 36.5W 88 192 164 04m27s
48 10 -1702 Jan 02 09:54:44 38261 -45788 T 0.0469 1.0512 21.3S 167.3W 87 187 170 04m40s
49 11 -1684 Jan 13 18:30:49 37870 -45565 T 0.0613 1.0533 20.2S 63.1E 87 182 177 04m55s
50 12 -1666 Jan 24 02:58:13 37481 -45342 T 0.0825 1.0554 17.7S 64.7W 85 177 184 05m10s
51 13 -1648 Feb 04 11:17:57 37094 -45119 T 0.1102 1.0577 14.1S 168.9E 84 173 191 05m24s
52 14 -1630 Feb 14 19:28:09 36709 -44896 T 0.1455 1.0597 9.4S 44.3E 82 169 198 05m35s
53 15 -1612 Feb 26 03:30:45 36326 -44673 T 0.1870 1.0616 3.7S 79.1W 79 167 206 05m44s
54 16 -1594 Mar 08 11:24:32 35945 -44450 T 0.2355 1.0630 2.7N 159.1E 76 164 212 05m48s
55 17 -1576 Mar 18 19:09:49 35566 -44227 T 0.2909 1.0640 9.8N 39.0E 73 163 218 05m47s
56 18 -1558 Mar 30 02:47:55 35189 -44004 T 0.3520 1.0642 17.5N 79.7W 69 161 224 05m39s
57 19 -1540 Apr 09 10:19:32 34814 -43781 T 0.4183 1.0638 25.7N 163.0E 65 160 229 05m25s
58 20 -1522 Apr 20 17:45:50 34441 -43558 T 0.4886 1.0625 34.2N 46.8E 61 159 234 05m05s
59 21 -1504 May 01 01:06:51 34070 -43335 T 0.5627 1.0604 43.0N 68.1W 56 158 239 04m40s
60 22 -1486 May 12 08:25:29 33701 -43112 T 0.6384 1.0573 52.2N 177.7E 50 158 245 04m10s
61 23 -1468 May 22 15:41:36 33334 -42889 T 0.7155 1.0533 61.6N 64.2E 44 157 253 03m37s
62 24 -1450 Jun 02 22:56:37 32970 -42666 T 0.7928 1.0482 71.4N 49.1W 37 157 265 03m03s
63 25 -1432 Jun 13 06:11:50 32607 -42443 T 0.8691 1.0420 81.9N 164.3W 29 154 288 02m28s
64 26 -1414 Jun 24 13:28:59 32246 -42220 T 0.9429 1.0344 85.6N 75.4W 19 355 358 01m52s
65 27 -1396 Jul 04 20:49:24 31887 -41997 P 1.0130 0.9822 65.7N 166.9E 0 349
66 28 -1378 Jul 16 04:12:53 31530 -41774 P 1.0796 0.8554 64.7N 44.4E 0 339
67 29 -1360 Jul 26 11:42:29 31175 -41551 P 1.1403 0.7409 63.7N 79.2W 0 329
68 30 -1342 Aug 06 19:17:49 30822 -41328 P 1.1956 0.6377 62.9N 156.0E 0 320
69 31 -1324 Aug 17 03:00:16 30471 -41105 P 1.2441 0.5482 62.2N 29.7E 0 311
70 32 -1306 Aug 28 10:49:16 30123 -40882 P 1.2864 0.4711 61.6N 98.0W 0 301
71 33 -1288 Sep 07 18:46:24 29776 -40659 P 1.3215 0.4079 61.1N 132.4E 0 292
72 34 -1270 Sep 19 02:50:50 29431 -40436 P 1.3499 0.3575 60.8N 1.1E 0 283
73 35 -1252 Sep 29 11:01:28 29088 -40213 P 1.3727 0.3176 60.6N 131.6W 0 274
74 36 -1234 Oct 10 19:19:02 28747 -39990 P 1.3892 0.2894 60.6N 93.9E 0 265
75 37 -1216 Oct 21 03:41:34 28408 -39767 P 1.4006 0.2702 60.8N 41.8W 0 256
76 38 -1198 Nov 01 12:08:31 28072 -39544 P 1.4082 0.2579 61.1N 178.6W 0 247
77 39 -1180 Nov 11 20:35:55 27737 -39321 P 1.4146 0.2475 61.7N 44.3E 0 237
78 40 -1162 Nov 23 05:05:13 27404 -39098 P 1.4187 0.2411 62.3N 93.4W 0 228
79 41 -1144 Dec 03 13:32:19 27073 -38875 P 1.4236 0.2332 63.1N 129.3E 0 218
80 42 -1126 Dec 14 21:56:41 26745 -38652 P 1.4299 0.2226 64.0N 7.7W 0 208
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
81 43 -1108 Dec 25 06:15:08 26418 -38429 P 1.4400 0.2055 65.0N 143.5W 0 198
82 44 -1089 Jan 05 14:28:00 26093 -38206 P 1.4539 0.1815 66.1N 81.7E 0 187
83 45 -1071 Jan 15 22:32:21 25770 -37983 P 1.4737 0.1473 67.2N 51.5W 0 176
84 46 -1053 Jan 27 06:27:42 25449 -37760 P 1.4997 0.1020 68.2N 177.1E 0 165
85 47 -1035 Feb 06 14:13:01 25131 -37537 Pe 1.5329 0.0444 69.2N 47.5E 0 153
[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.
[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).
[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses .
[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to the Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is virtually identical to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.
The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..
The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).
The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:
A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.
Special thanks to Dan McGlaun for extracting the individual eclipse maps from the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 for use in this catalog and for preparing the Saros series animations from these maps.
The Besselian elements used in the predictions were kindly provided by Jean Meeus. All eclipse calculations are by Fred Espenak, and he assumes full responsibility for their accuracy. Some of the information presented on this web site is based on data originally published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000
Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:
"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)"
