The periodicity and recurrence of solar (and lunar) eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses. Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole.
Solar eclipses of Saros 19 all occur at the Moon’s ascending node and the Moon moves southward with each eclipse. The series began with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on -2333 Jun 15. The series ended with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on -1035 Aug 01. The total duration of Saros series 19 is 1298.17 years. In summary:
First Eclipse = -2333 Jun 15 12:31:09 TD
Last Eclipse = -1035 Aug 01 20:01:21 TD
Duration of Saros 19 = 1298.17 Years
Saros 19 is composed of 73 solar eclipses as follows:
| Solar Eclipses of Saros 19 | |||
| Eclipse Type | Symbol | Number | Percent |
| All Eclipses | - | 73 | 100.0% |
| Partial | P | 29 | 39.7% |
| Annular | A | 36 | 49.3% |
| Total | T | 6 | 8.2% |
| Hybrid[3] | H | 2 | 2.7% |
Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 19 appears in the following table.
| Umbral Eclipses of Saros 19 | ||
| Classification | Number | Percent |
| All Umbral Eclipses | 44 | 100.0% |
| Central (two limits) | 41 | 93.2% |
| Central (one limit) | 2 | 4.5% |
| Non-Central (one limit) | 1 | 2.3% |
The following string illustrates the sequence of the 73 eclipses in Saros 19: 21P 36A 2H 6T 8P
The longest and shortest eclipses of Saros 19 as well as other eclipse extrema are listed below.
Longest Total Solar Eclipse: -1197 Apr 27 Duration = 02m21s
Shortest Total Solar Eclipse: -1269 Mar 14 Duration = 01m15s
Longest Annular Solar Eclipse: -1936 Feb 08 Duration = 07m38s
Shortest Annular Solar Eclipse: -1323 Feb 09 Duration = 00m08s
Longest Hybrid Solar Eclipse: -1287 Mar 03 Duration = 00m49s
Shortest Hybrid Solar Eclipse: -1305 Feb 21 Duration = 00m22s
Largest Partial Solar Eclipse: -1161 May 18 Magnitude = 0.8865
Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse: -2333 Jun 15 Magnitude = 0.0147
Local circumstances at greatest eclipse[4] for every eclipse of Saros 19 are presented in the following catalog. The sequence number in the first column links to a global map showing regions of eclipse visibility. A detailed key and additional information about the catalog can be found at: Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.
For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, see Saros 019 Animation.
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
01 -35 -2333 Jun 15 12:31:09 53198 -53587 Pb 1.5434 0.0147 63.1N 71.6E 0 37
02 -34 -2315 Jun 25 19:19:53 52736 -53364 P 1.4758 0.1369 63.9N 42.0W 0 28
03 -33 -2297 Jul 07 02:12:23 52277 -53141 P 1.4114 0.2520 64.8N 156.9W 0 19
04 -32 -2279 Jul 17 09:11:09 51820 -52918 P 1.3526 0.3562 65.8N 86.4E 0 9
05 -31 -2261 Jul 28 16:16:07 51365 -52695 P 1.2995 0.4492 66.8N 32.3W 0 358
06 -30 -2243 Aug 07 23:28:01 50912 -52472 P 1.2526 0.5305 67.9N 153.3W 0 347
07 -29 -2225 Aug 19 06:48:01 50461 -52249 P 1.2129 0.5983 68.9N 83.2E 0 336
08 -28 -2207 Aug 29 14:16:09 50011 -52026 P 1.1804 0.6533 69.8N 43.0W 0 324
09 -27 -2189 Sep 09 21:52:18 49564 -51803 P 1.1548 0.6957 70.6N 171.8W 0 311
10 -26 -2171 Sep 20 05:35:35 49119 -51580 P 1.1356 0.7271 71.2N 57.0E 0 297
11 -25 -2153 Oct 01 13:26:05 48676 -51357 P 1.1229 0.7475 71.6N 76.4W 0 283
12 -24 -2135 Oct 11 21:22:39 48235 -51134 P 1.1154 0.7590 71.7N 148.4E 0 269
13 -23 -2117 Oct 23 05:23:04 47796 -50911 P 1.1114 0.7649 71.5N 12.2E 0 254
14 -22 -2099 Nov 02 13:27:19 47359 -50688 P 1.1108 0.7653 71.1N 124.7W 0 240
15 -21 -2081 Nov 13 21:31:57 46924 -50465 P 1.1104 0.7656 70.5N 98.8E 0 227
16 -20 -2063 Nov 24 05:36:50 46491 -50242 P 1.1108 0.7647 69.6N 37.1W 0 213
17 -19 -2045 Dec 05 13:37:20 46059 -50019 P 1.1076 0.7701 68.7N 171.3W 0 201
18 -18 -2027 Dec 15 21:35:20 45630 -49796 P 1.1025 0.7787 67.6N 55.9E 0 189
19 -17 -2009 Dec 27 05:26:01 45203 -49573 P 1.0913 0.7978 66.5N 74.6W 0 178
20 -16 -1990 Jan 06 13:10:01 44778 -49350 P 1.0749 0.8256 65.4N 157.2E 0 167
21 -15 -1972 Jan 17 20:43:43 44355 -49127 P 1.0502 0.8677 64.4N 32.0E 0 157
22 -14 -1954 Jan 28 04:09:29 43934 -48904 A+ 1.0192 0.9207 63.4N 90.8W 0 147 - -
23 -13 -1936 Feb 08 11:24:38 43515 -48681 An 0.9793 0.9202 53.9N 161.9E 11 148 - 07m38s
24 -12 -1918 Feb 18 18:29:52 43098 -48458 A 0.9312 0.9255 46.0N 56.0E 21 148 755 07m30s
25 -11 -1900 Mar 01 01:25:12 42683 -48235 A 0.8748 0.9302 41.1N 48.7W 29 146 523 07m09s
26 -10 -1882 Mar 12 08:11:58 42270 -48012 A 0.8112 0.9347 37.7N 151.1W 36 145 402 06m41s
27 -09 -1864 Mar 22 14:50:16 41859 -47789 A 0.7404 0.9389 35.4N 109.0E 42 144 326 06m12s
28 -08 -1846 Apr 02 21:21:37 41450 -47566 A 0.6631 0.9428 34.0N 11.1E 48 144 274 05m46s
29 -07 -1828 Apr 13 03:47:21 41043 -47343 A 0.5808 0.9464 33.1N 84.9W 54 144 237 05m23s
30 -06 -1810 Apr 24 10:09:51 40638 -47120 A 0.4952 0.9495 32.5N 179.8W 60 146 210 05m06s
31 -05 -1792 May 04 16:28:25 40235 -46897 A 0.4057 0.9522 31.8N 86.6E 66 148 190 04m53s
32 -04 -1774 May 15 22:47:48 39834 -46674 A 0.3163 0.9543 31.0N 7.1W 71 152 175 04m47s
33 -03 -1756 May 26 05:07:02 39435 -46451 A 0.2263 0.9560 29.7N 100.7W 77 156 164 04m46s
34 -02 -1738 Jun 06 11:30:50 39038 -46228 A 0.1392 0.9572 27.9N 164.3E 82 160 157 04m50s
35 -01 -1720 Jun 16 17:56:39 38643 -46005 A 0.0531 0.9579 25.3N 68.5E 87 166 153 04m58s
36 00 -1702 Jun 28 00:30:18 38250 -45782 A -0.0270 0.9582 22.1N 29.9W 89 349 152 05m09s
37 01 -1684 Jul 08 07:09:27 37859 -45559 Am -0.1029 0.9580 18.1N 130.3W 84 354 153 05m22s
38 02 -1666 Jul 19 13:58:11 37470 -45336 A -0.1715 0.9577 13.7N 126.2E 80 359 156 05m33s
39 03 -1648 Jul 29 20:54:51 37084 -45113 A -0.2343 0.9570 8.7N 20.1E 77 3 161 05m42s
40 04 -1630 Aug 10 04:03:27 36699 -44890 A -0.2879 0.9562 3.6N 89.5W 73 7 166 05m46s
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
41 05 -1612 Aug 20 11:21:53 36316 -44667 A -0.3338 0.9553 1.8S 158.0E 70 10 172 05m46s
42 06 -1594 Aug 31 18:51:18 35935 -44444 A -0.3714 0.9546 7.2S 42.5E 68 13 178 05m41s
43 07 -1576 Sep 11 02:31:18 35556 -44221 A -0.4011 0.9540 12.7S 75.8W 66 16 182 05m34s
44 08 -1558 Sep 22 10:21:59 35179 -43998 A -0.4227 0.9538 18.0S 163.2E 65 18 185 05m23s
45 09 -1540 Oct 02 18:22:02 34804 -43775 A -0.4375 0.9538 23.2S 40.1E 64 20 186 05m10s
46 10 -1522 Oct 14 02:29:48 34431 -43552 A -0.4467 0.9544 28.2S 84.5W 63 20 185 04m55s
47 11 -1504 Oct 24 10:45:01 34060 -43329 A -0.4506 0.9555 33.0S 149.5E 63 20 181 04m38s
48 12 -1486 Nov 04 19:05:27 33692 -43106 A -0.4511 0.9572 37.5S 23.0E 63 19 174 04m19s
49 13 -1468 Nov 15 03:29:14 33325 -42883 A -0.4497 0.9596 41.5S 103.4W 63 16 164 03m59s
50 14 -1450 Nov 26 11:54:35 32960 -42660 A -0.4479 0.9626 45.0S 130.7E 63 13 151 03m36s
51 15 -1432 Dec 06 20:19:34 32597 -42437 A -0.4473 0.9662 47.8S 6.1E 63 8 136 03m10s
52 16 -1414 Dec 18 04:42:29 32236 -42214 A -0.4490 0.9705 49.9S 117.1W 63 1 119 02m42s
53 17 -1396 Dec 28 13:01:06 31877 -41991 A -0.4552 0.9753 51.0S 121.4E 63 355 99 02m13s
54 18 -1377 Jan 08 21:15:24 31521 -41768 A -0.4658 0.9806 51.2S 1.4E 62 347 78 01m42s
55 19 -1359 Jan 19 05:23:36 31166 -41545 A -0.4825 0.9862 50.7S 117.3W 61 341 56 01m10s
56 20 -1341 Jan 30 13:24:26 30813 -41322 A -0.5061 0.9923 49.4S 125.3E 59 334 31 00m39s
57 21 -1323 Feb 09 21:17:59 30462 -41099 A -0.5366 0.9983 47.8S 9.1E 57 329 7 00m08s
58 22 -1305 Feb 21 05:04:15 30113 -40876 H -0.5739 1.0045 46.0S 105.9W 55 325 19 00m22s
59 23 -1287 Mar 03 12:44:13 29767 -40653 H -0.6178 1.0105 44.2S 140.1E 52 322 45 00m49s
60 24 -1269 Mar 14 20:16:03 29422 -40430 T -0.6692 1.0162 42.9S 27.9E 48 320 74 01m15s
61 25 -1251 Mar 25 03:43:17 29079 -40207 T -0.7255 1.0214 42.2S 83.5W 43 319 104 01m38s
62 26 -1233 Apr 05 11:04:24 28738 -39984 T -0.7875 1.0261 42.6S 166.7E 38 318 140 01m59s
63 27 -1215 Apr 15 18:22:31 28399 -39761 T -0.8528 1.0299 44.3S 58.0E 31 318 189 02m14s
64 28 -1197 Apr 27 01:36:01 28063 -39538 T -0.9229 1.0323 48.5S 47.9W 22 317 278 02m21s
65 29 -1179 May 07 08:49:20 27728 -39315 Ts -0.9938 1.0314 59.0S 142.4W 5 306 - 02m03s
66 30 -1161 May 18 16:01:23 27395 -39092 P -1.0662 0.8865 62.0S 107.5E 0 307
67 31 -1143 May 28 23:14:28 27065 -38869 P -1.1384 0.7506 62.7S 11.3W 0 316
68 32 -1125 Jun 09 06:29:31 26736 -38646 P -1.2093 0.6161 63.5S 130.9W 0 326
69 33 -1107 Jun 19 13:48:36 26409 -38423 P -1.2772 0.4869 64.4S 108.3E 0 335
70 34 -1089 Jun 30 21:12:28 26084 -38200 P -1.3419 0.3633 65.3S 14.1W 0 345
71 35 -1071 Jul 11 04:41:21 25762 -37977 P -1.4029 0.2470 66.3S 138.0W 0 355
72 36 -1053 Jul 22 12:17:33 25441 -37754 P -1.4583 0.1412 67.3S 95.8E 0 5
73 37 -1035 Aug 01 20:01:21 25122 -37531 Pe -1.5079 0.0469 68.2S 32.8W 0 17
[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.
[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).
[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses .
[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to the Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is virtually identical to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.
The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..
The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).
The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:
A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.
Special thanks to Dan McGlaun for extracting the individual eclipse maps from the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 for use in this catalog and for preparing the Saros series animations from these maps.
The Besselian elements used in the predictions were kindly provided by Jean Meeus. All eclipse calculations are by Fred Espenak, and he assumes full responsibility for their accuracy. Some of the information presented on this web site is based on data originally published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000
Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:
"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)"
