The periodicity and recurrence of solar (and lunar) eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses. Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole.
Solar eclipses of Saros 22 all occur at the Moon’s descending node and the Moon moves northward with each eclipse. The series began with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on -2174 May 28. The series ended with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on -0912 Jun 23. The total duration of Saros series 22 is 1262.11 years. In summary:
First Eclipse = -2174 May 28 16:19:32 TD
Last Eclipse = -0912 Jun 23 09:20:02 TD
Duration of Saros 22 = 1262.11 Years
Saros 22 is composed of 71 solar eclipses as follows:
| Solar Eclipses of Saros 22 | |||
| Eclipse Type | Symbol | Number | Percent |
| All Eclipses | - | 71 | 100.0% |
| Partial | P | 15 | 21.1% |
| Annular | A | 49 | 69.0% |
| Total | T | 5 | 7.0% |
| Hybrid[3] | H | 2 | 2.8% |
Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 22 appears in the following table.
| Umbral Eclipses of Saros 22 | ||
| Classification | Number | Percent |
| All Umbral Eclipses | 56 | 100.0% |
| Central (two limits) | 54 | 96.4% |
| Central (one limit) | 1 | 1.8% |
| Non-Central (one limit) | 1 | 1.8% |
The following string illustrates the sequence of the 71 eclipses in Saros 22: 8P 49A 2H 5T 7P
The longest and shortest eclipses of Saros 22 as well as other eclipse extrema are listed below.
Longest Total Solar Eclipse: -1056 Mar 28 Duration = 01m49s
Shortest Total Solar Eclipse: -1110 Feb 24 Duration = 01m13s
Longest Annular Solar Eclipse: -1940 Oct 15 Duration = 07m17s
Shortest Annular Solar Eclipse: -1164 Jan 23 Duration = 00m23s
Longest Hybrid Solar Eclipse: -1128 Feb 14 Duration = 00m46s
Shortest Hybrid Solar Eclipse: -1146 Feb 03 Duration = 00m13s
Largest Partial Solar Eclipse: -2048 Aug 11 Magnitude = 0.9135
Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse: -0912 Jun 23 Magnitude = 0.1017
Local circumstances at greatest eclipse[4] for every eclipse of Saros 22 are presented in the following catalog. The sequence number in the first column links to a global map showing regions of eclipse visibility. A detailed key and additional information about the catalog can be found at: Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.
For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, see Saros 022 Animation.
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
01 -34 -2174 May 28 16:19:32 49201 -51621 Pb -1.4759 0.1351 69.4S 172.0E 0 327
02 -33 -2156 Jun 07 22:58:36 48757 -51398 P -1.4019 0.2675 68.6S 58.3E 0 339
03 -32 -2138 Jun 19 05:38:30 48316 -51175 P -1.3285 0.3976 67.6S 55.1W 0 350
04 -31 -2120 Jun 29 12:22:18 47876 -50952 P -1.2588 0.5200 66.6S 168.9W 0 1
05 -30 -2102 Jul 10 19:10:02 47439 -50729 P -1.1926 0.6352 65.6S 76.8E 0 11
06 -29 -2084 Jul 21 02:04:49 47003 -50506 P -1.1322 0.7389 64.6S 38.9W 0 21
07 -28 -2066 Aug 01 09:06:16 46570 -50283 P -1.0775 0.8316 63.7S 155.8W 0 31
08 -27 -2048 Aug 11 16:14:37 46139 -50060 P -1.0286 0.9135 62.8S 85.8E 0 40
09 -26 -2030 Aug 22 23:31:56 45709 -49837 As -0.9874 0.9309 56.3S 23.3W 8 40 - 06m04s
10 -25 -2012 Sep 02 06:57:27 45282 -49614 A -0.9532 0.9283 50.1S 133.6W 17 39 878 06m37s
11 -24 -1994 Sep 13 14:32:00 44856 -49391 A -0.9265 0.9249 48.2S 110.0E 22 42 733 06m57s
12 -23 -1976 Sep 23 22:12:57 44433 -49168 A -0.9053 0.9215 48.2S 8.8W 25 46 678 07m10s
13 -22 -1958 Oct 05 06:02:20 44011 -48945 A -0.8914 0.9183 49.8S 130.5W 27 49 664 07m16s
14 -21 -1940 Oct 15 13:56:25 43592 -48722 A -0.8816 0.9156 52.3S 106.2E 28 53 662 07m17s
15 -20 -1922 Oct 26 21:55:31 43175 -48499 A -0.8763 0.9134 55.6S 18.6W 28 57 671 07m15s
16 -19 -1904 Nov 06 05:56:20 42759 -48276 A -0.8727 0.9118 59.4S 143.8W 29 60 680 07m10s
17 -18 -1886 Nov 17 13:59:10 42346 -48053 A -0.8709 0.9109 63.5S 90.7E 29 63 688 07m03s
18 -17 -1868 Nov 27 22:00:10 41934 -47830 A -0.8678 0.9107 67.8S 33.2W 29 65 686 06m55s
19 -16 -1850 Dec 09 05:58:42 41525 -47607 A -0.8628 0.9113 72.0S 154.1W 30 64 673 06m47s
20 -15 -1832 Dec 19 13:52:26 41118 -47384 A -0.8539 0.9126 76.0S 91.5E 31 58 646 06m40s
21 -14 -1814 Dec 30 21:41:13 40712 -47161 A -0.8414 0.9146 78.8S 12.3W 32 42 608 06m34s
22 -13 -1795 Jan 10 05:21:00 40309 -46938 A -0.8213 0.9173 79.0S 103.9W 34 16 556 06m29s
23 -12 -1777 Jan 21 12:53:29 39908 -46715 A -0.7951 0.9205 75.8S 161.3E 37 355 501 06m26s
24 -11 -1759 Jan 31 20:15:58 39508 -46492 A -0.7606 0.9242 70.3S 58.3E 40 344 443 06m25s
25 -10 -1741 Feb 12 03:30:55 39111 -46269 A -0.7199 0.9282 63.6S 49.2W 44 339 390 06m24s
26 -09 -1723 Feb 22 10:33:54 38716 -46046 A -0.6693 0.9324 56.1S 157.0W 48 338 340 06m23s
27 -08 -1705 Mar 05 17:29:56 38322 -45823 A -0.6127 0.9367 48.0S 95.5E 52 338 297 06m22s
28 -07 -1687 Mar 16 00:15:31 37931 -45600 A -0.5470 0.9410 39.5S 10.3W 57 338 260 06m20s
29 -06 -1669 Mar 27 06:55:32 37542 -45377 A -0.4766 0.9451 30.8S 115.0W 61 339 229 06m14s
30 -05 -1651 Apr 06 13:26:49 37155 -45154 A -0.3984 0.9490 21.9S 142.3E 66 341 203 06m06s
31 -04 -1633 Apr 17 19:55:43 36769 -44931 A -0.3178 0.9527 13.0S 40.3E 71 342 182 05m53s
32 -03 -1615 Apr 28 02:19:23 36386 -44708 A -0.2322 0.9558 4.1S 60.2W 77 344 165 05m37s
33 -02 -1597 May 09 08:42:30 36005 -44485 A -0.1455 0.9587 4.5N 160.1W 82 346 152 05m18s
34 -01 -1579 May 19 15:04:38 35625 -44262 A -0.0570 0.9609 12.9N 100.7E 87 348 142 04m58s
35 00 -1561 May 30 21:29:33 35248 -44039 A 0.0299 0.9628 20.8N 1.6E 88 171 135 04m37s
36 01 -1543 Jun 10 03:57:24 34873 -43816 Am 0.1152 0.9640 28.0N 97.3W 83 174 131 04m16s
37 02 -1525 Jun 21 10:29:50 34500 -43593 A 0.1975 0.9649 34.5N 163.8E 78 179 129 03m58s
38 03 -1507 Jul 01 17:09:19 34128 -43370 A 0.2750 0.9653 39.9N 64.5E 74 184 131 03m43s
39 04 -1489 Jul 12 23:56:21 33759 -43147 A 0.3473 0.9653 44.1N 35.5W 69 190 134 03m31s
40 05 -1471 Jul 23 06:52:23 33392 -42924 A 0.4129 0.9650 46.8N 136.6W 65 197 139 03m23s
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
41 06 -1453 Aug 03 13:57:48 33027 -42701 A 0.4715 0.9644 48.0N 120.3E 62 203 145 03m18s
42 07 -1435 Aug 13 21:14:14 32664 -42478 A 0.5219 0.9637 47.8N 14.1E 58 209 153 03m16s
43 08 -1417 Aug 25 04:41:00 32302 -42255 A 0.5647 0.9630 46.4N 95.6W 55 214 161 03m16s
44 09 -1399 Sep 04 12:17:50 31943 -42032 A 0.6000 0.9624 44.2N 150.9E 53 217 168 03m18s
45 10 -1381 Sep 15 20:05:29 31586 -41809 A 0.6273 0.9620 41.3N 33.4E 51 218 174 03m21s
46 11 -1363 Sep 26 04:03:15 31231 -41586 A 0.6468 0.9619 38.1N 87.7W 49 218 177 03m25s
47 12 -1345 Oct 07 12:09:59 30878 -41363 A 0.6600 0.9623 34.7N 148.1E 49 217 178 03m27s
48 13 -1327 Oct 17 20:24:07 30526 -41140 A 0.6680 0.9631 31.2N 21.4E 48 214 175 03m29s
49 14 -1309 Oct 29 04:45:07 30177 -40917 A 0.6711 0.9645 27.9N 107.3W 48 211 169 03m28s
50 15 -1291 Nov 08 13:11:12 29830 -40694 A 0.6710 0.9665 24.8N 122.5E 48 207 159 03m23s
51 16 -1273 Nov 19 21:39:42 29485 -40471 A 0.6696 0.9691 22.1N 8.3W 48 203 147 03m13s
52 17 -1255 Nov 30 06:10:01 29142 -40248 A 0.6676 0.9723 20.0N 139.5W 48 199 132 02m59s
53 18 -1237 Dec 11 14:39:08 28801 -40025 A 0.6673 0.9762 18.6N 89.7E 48 194 113 02m37s
54 19 -1219 Dec 21 23:06:55 28462 -39802 A 0.6690 0.9806 18.1N 40.7W 48 190 93 02m10s
55 20 -1200 Jan 02 07:29:23 28124 -39579 A 0.6758 0.9855 18.7N 169.8W 47 185 70 01m37s
56 21 -1182 Jan 12 15:48:15 27789 -39356 A 0.6863 0.9908 20.2N 61.9E 47 180 45 01m00s
57 22 -1164 Jan 23 23:59:47 27456 -39133 A 0.7031 0.9964 22.9N 64.8W 45 176 18 00m23s
58 23 -1146 Feb 03 08:04:56 27125 -38910 H 0.7262 1.0022 26.8N 169.6E 43 171 11 00m13s
59 24 -1128 Feb 14 16:01:43 26796 -38687 H 0.7569 1.0080 31.8N 45.6E 41 167 42 00m46s
60 25 -1110 Feb 24 23:52:12 26469 -38464 T 0.7934 1.0136 37.9N 77.7W 37 162 76 01m13s
61 26 -1092 Mar 07 07:35:15 26144 -38241 T 0.8367 1.0189 45.1N 159.5E 33 157 117 01m33s
62 27 -1074 Mar 18 15:11:17 25821 -38018 T 0.8864 1.0236 53.5N 35.9E 27 150 173 01m46s
63 28 -1056 Mar 28 22:41:17 25500 -37795 T 0.9420 1.0272 63.3N 92.9W 19 136 278 01m49s
64 29 -1038 Apr 09 06:06:26 25181 -37572 T+ 1.0023 1.0034 71.6N 94.0E 0 79 - -
65 30 -1020 Apr 19 13:27:40 24864 -37349 P 1.0665 0.8845 71.3N 31.4W 0 66
66 31 -1002 Apr 30 20:45:38 24549 -37126 P 1.1340 0.7582 70.8N 155.6W 0 53
67 32 -0984 May 11 04:02:43 24236 -36903 P 1.2030 0.6278 70.1N 80.9E 0 41
68 33 -0966 May 22 11:19:34 23925 -36680 P 1.2729 0.4947 69.3N 42.0W 0 29
69 34 -0948 Jun 01 18:37:02 23616 -36457 P 1.3428 0.3608 68.4N 164.4W 0 17
70 35 -0930 Jun 13 01:57:00 23308 -36234 P 1.4113 0.2293 67.4N 73.0E 0 7
71 36 -0912 Jun 23 09:20:02 23003 -36011 Pe 1.4777 0.1017 66.4N 49.8W 0 356
[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.
[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).
[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses .
[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to the Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is virtually identical to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.
The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..
The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).
The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:
A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.
Special thanks to Dan McGlaun for extracting the individual eclipse maps from the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 for use in this catalog and for preparing the Saros series animations from these maps.
The Besselian elements used in the predictions were kindly provided by Jean Meeus. All eclipse calculations are by Fred Espenak, and he assumes full responsibility for their accuracy. Some of the information presented on this web site is based on data originally published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000
Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:
"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)"
