The periodicity and recurrence of solar (and lunar) eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses. Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole.
Solar eclipses of Saros 45 all occur at the Moon’s ascending node and the Moon moves southward with each eclipse. The series began with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on -1436 Mar 30. The series ended with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on -0156 May 07. The total duration of Saros series 45 is 1280.14 years. In summary:
First Eclipse = -1436 Mar 30 06:41:36 TD
Last Eclipse = -0156 May 07 07:31:45 TD
Duration of Saros 45 = 1280.14 Years
Saros 45 is composed of 72 solar eclipses as follows:
| Solar Eclipses of Saros 45 | |||
| Eclipse Type | Symbol | Number | Percent |
| All Eclipses | - | 72 | 100.0% |
| Partial | P | 15 | 20.8% |
| Annular | A | 18 | 25.0% |
| Total | T | 36 | 50.0% |
| Hybrid[3] | H | 3 | 4.2% |
Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 45 appears in the following table.
| Umbral Eclipses of Saros 45 | ||
| Classification | Number | Percent |
| All Umbral Eclipses | 57 | 100.0% |
| Central (two limits) | 55 | 96.5% |
| Central (one limit) | 1 | 1.8% |
| Non-Central (one limit) | 1 | 1.8% |
The following string illustrates the sequence of the 72 eclipses in Saros 45: 7P 36T 3H 18A 8P
The longest and shortest eclipses of Saros 45 as well as other eclipse extrema are listed below.
Longest Total Solar Eclipse: -1184 Aug 28 Duration = 04m16s
Shortest Total Solar Eclipse: -0679 Jun 28 Duration = 02m16s
Longest Annular Solar Eclipse: -0354 Jan 09 Duration = 04m34s
Shortest Annular Solar Eclipse: -0607 Aug 10 Duration = 00m39s
Longest Hybrid Solar Eclipse: -0661 Jul 09 Duration = 01m38s
Shortest Hybrid Solar Eclipse: -0625 Jul 31 Duration = 00m07s
Largest Partial Solar Eclipse: -1328 Jun 03 Magnitude = 0.8990
Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse: -1436 Mar 30 Magnitude = 0.0569
Local circumstances at greatest eclipse[4] for every eclipse of Saros 45 are presented in the following catalog. The sequence number in the first column links to a global map showing regions of eclipse visibility. A detailed key and additional information about the catalog can be found at: Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.
For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, see Saros 045 Animation.
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
01 -37 -1436 Mar 30 06:41:36 32691 -42495 Pb 1.5035 0.0569 60.7N 130.8E 0 93
02 -36 -1418 Apr 10 14:11:01 32330 -42272 P 1.4371 0.1817 60.7N 8.1E 0 84
03 -35 -1400 Apr 20 21:34:37 31970 -42049 P 1.3652 0.3183 60.9N 113.0W 0 76
04 -34 -1382 May 02 04:57:24 31613 -41826 P 1.2920 0.4585 61.2N 126.0E 0 67
05 -33 -1364 May 12 12:17:35 31258 -41603 P 1.2162 0.6046 61.6N 5.5E 0 58
06 -32 -1346 May 23 19:38:06 30904 -41380 P 1.1401 0.7519 62.2N 115.2W 0 49
07 -31 -1328 Jun 03 02:59:25 30553 -41157 P 1.0642 0.8990 62.9N 123.8E 0 41
08 -30 -1310 Jun 14 10:23:54 30204 -40934 Tn 0.9907 1.0593 69.1N 11.2E 7 40 - 02m48s
09 -29 -1292 Jun 24 17:51:46 29856 -40711 T 0.9192 1.0642 80.8N 57.8W 23 84 544 03m22s
10 -28 -1274 Jul 06 01:24:05 29511 -40488 T 0.8514 1.0658 81.2N 110.7W 31 146 415 03m41s
11 -27 -1256 Jul 16 09:02:38 29168 -40265 T 0.7885 1.0660 75.7N 162.9E 38 177 353 03m55s
12 -26 -1238 Jul 27 16:48:02 28827 -40042 T 0.7314 1.0651 69.2N 55.7E 43 189 314 04m04s
13 -25 -1220 Aug 07 00:40:29 28487 -39819 T 0.6800 1.0636 62.4N 59.6W 47 196 285 04m11s
14 -24 -1202 Aug 18 08:41:01 28150 -39596 T 0.6354 1.0613 55.8N 179.7W 50 199 261 04m15s
15 -23 -1184 Aug 28 16:50:05 27815 -39373 T 0.5979 1.0587 49.3N 56.7E 53 201 241 04m16s
16 -22 -1166 Sep 09 01:07:30 27482 -39150 T 0.5678 1.0558 43.1N 69.7W 55 202 223 04m13s
17 -21 -1148 Sep 19 09:31:35 27150 -38927 T 0.5435 1.0528 37.1N 161.6E 57 202 207 04m10s
18 -20 -1130 Sep 30 18:04:06 26821 -38704 T 0.5265 1.0498 31.5N 30.7E 58 201 193 04m05s
19 -19 -1112 Oct 11 02:42:45 26494 -38481 T 0.5147 1.0469 26.4N 101.9W 59 200 181 03m59s
20 -18 -1094 Oct 22 11:27:40 26169 -38258 T 0.5085 1.0444 21.8N 124.0E 59 198 171 03m54s
21 -17 -1076 Nov 01 20:15:33 25845 -38035 T 0.5050 1.0421 17.7N 10.8W 60 196 162 03m50s
22 -16 -1058 Nov 13 05:07:35 25524 -37812 T 0.5052 1.0404 14.3N 146.6W 60 193 156 03m47s
23 -15 -1040 Nov 23 14:00:18 25205 -37589 T 0.5062 1.0390 11.4N 77.5E 60 189 151 03m45s
24 -14 -1022 Dec 04 22:52:43 24888 -37366 T 0.5071 1.0382 9.2N 58.2W 59 185 149 03m44s
25 -13 -1004 Dec 15 07:42:49 24572 -37143 T 0.5063 1.0378 7.5N 166.8E 60 181 147 03m45s
26 -12 -0986 Dec 26 16:29:37 24259 -36920 T 0.5028 1.0380 6.4N 32.7E 60 176 147 03m46s
27 -11 -0967 Jan 06 01:10:53 23948 -36697 T 0.4952 1.0385 5.8N 100.0W 60 172 148 03m47s
28 -10 -0949 Jan 17 09:45:26 23639 -36474 T 0.4822 1.0393 5.6N 129.1E 61 167 150 03m49s
29 -09 -0931 Jan 27 18:12:47 23332 -36251 T 0.4636 1.0404 5.9N 0.1E 62 163 152 03m50s
30 -08 -0913 Feb 08 02:31:54 23027 -36028 T 0.4384 1.0416 6.5N 126.7W 64 159 154 03m51s
31 -07 -0895 Feb 18 10:41:15 22724 -35805 T 0.4055 1.0428 7.3N 109.2E 66 156 155 03m51s
32 -06 -0877 Mar 01 18:41:51 22422 -35582 T 0.3660 1.0439 8.4N 12.4W 68 153 156 03m52s
33 -05 -0859 Mar 12 02:33:05 22123 -35359 T 0.3192 1.0447 9.6N 131.5W 71 151 156 03m52s
34 -04 -0841 Mar 23 10:16:26 21826 -35136 T 0.2662 1.0452 10.9N 111.7E 74 150 155 03m52s
35 -03 -0823 Apr 02 17:49:55 21531 -34913 T 0.2058 1.0451 12.0N 2.3W 78 150 153 03m51s
36 -02 -0805 Apr 14 01:17:25 21238 -34690 T 0.1409 1.0445 13.0N 114.5W 82 151 150 03m50s
37 -01 -0787 Apr 24 08:36:58 20947 -34467 Tm 0.0704 1.0432 13.5N 135.4E 86 153 145 03m47s
38 00 -0769 May 05 15:52:09 20658 -34244 T -0.0033 1.0413 13.5N 26.6E 90 316 138 03m44s
39 01 -0751 May 15 23:01:44 20371 -34021 T -0.0809 1.0386 12.6N 80.7W 85 337 130 03m37s
40 02 -0733 May 27 06:09:39 20085 -33798 T -0.1591 1.0352 11.0N 172.1E 81 341 120 03m26s
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
41 03 -0715 Jun 06 13:15:20 19802 -33575 T -0.2380 1.0310 8.5N 65.3E 76 345 108 03m10s
42 04 -0697 Jun 17 20:20:39 19516 -33352 T -0.3164 1.0261 5.1N 42.0W 72 350 93 02m47s
43 05 -0679 Jun 28 03:27:14 19210 -33129 T -0.3926 1.0206 0.8N 150.2W 67 354 76 02m16s
44 06 -0661 Jul 09 10:36:00 18910 -32906 H3 -0.4659 1.0146 4.3S 100.3E 62 358 56 01m38s
45 07 -0643 Jul 19 17:48:48 18614 -32683 H -0.5348 1.0080 9.9S 10.7W 58 2 33 00m54s
46 08 -0625 Jul 31 01:05:12 18323 -32460 H -0.5995 1.0011 16.1S 123.4W 53 6 5 00m07s
47 09 -0607 Aug 10 08:28:22 18036 -32237 A -0.6572 0.9940 22.6S 121.6E 49 10 28 00m39s
48 10 -0589 Aug 21 15:57:08 17754 -32014 A -0.7092 0.9868 29.4S 4.7E 45 15 66 01m22s
49 11 -0571 Aug 31 23:33:40 17476 -31791 A -0.7536 0.9796 36.1S 114.8W 41 19 109 02m01s
50 12 -0553 Sep 12 07:16:43 17203 -31568 A -0.7916 0.9726 42.8S 123.7E 37 23 159 02m33s
51 13 -0535 Sep 22 15:08:15 16934 -31345 A -0.8218 0.9659 49.3S 0.4W 34 28 214 03m01s
52 14 -0517 Oct 03 23:05:52 16668 -31122 A -0.8458 0.9597 55.4S 126.2W 32 33 273 03m23s
53 15 -0499 Oct 14 07:09:56 16407 -30899 A -0.8637 0.9540 61.2S 106.2E 30 38 333 03m40s
54 16 -0481 Oct 25 15:19:12 16150 -30676 A -0.8766 0.9489 66.7S 22.5W 28 42 391 03m54s
55 17 -0463 Nov 04 23:33:41 15897 -30453 A -0.8847 0.9445 71.8S 151.7W 27 46 442 04m06s
56 18 -0445 Nov 16 07:50:05 15647 -30230 A -0.8905 0.9409 76.8S 79.9E 27 49 487 04m15s
57 19 -0427 Nov 26 16:07:50 15402 -30007 A -0.8945 0.9379 81.6S 45.6W 26 48 524 04m22s
58 20 -0409 Dec 08 00:24:23 15160 -29784 A -0.8989 0.9357 86.2S 158.1W 26 35 557 04m27s
59 21 -0391 Dec 18 08:39:37 14921 -29561 A -0.9039 0.9339 87.5S 168.5E 25 303 587 04m31s
60 22 -0373 Dec 29 16:48:43 14686 -29338 A -0.9133 0.9327 83.4S 79.8E 24 268 629 04m33s
61 23 -0354 Jan 09 00:53:20 14454 -29115 A -0.9257 0.9319 78.9S 36.8W 22 262 686 04m34s
62 24 -0336 Jan 20 08:48:59 14225 -28892 A -0.9449 0.9312 74.4S 152.3W 19 257 804 04m33s
63 25 -0318 Jan 30 16:37:39 14000 -28669 A -0.9688 0.9305 69.9S 95.0E 14 252 1092 04m31s
64 26 -0300 Feb 11 00:14:24 13777 -28446 A- -1.0021 0.9559 61.8S 0.1E 0 235 - -
65 27 -0282 Feb 21 07:43:16 13558 -28223 P -1.0409 0.8905 61.3S 121.9W 0 244
66 28 -0264 Mar 03 14:59:58 13342 -28000 P -1.0891 0.8090 60.9S 119.3E 0 253
67 29 -0246 Mar 14 22:07:25 13128 -27777 P -1.1439 0.7160 60.7S 2.8E 0 262
68 30 -0228 Mar 25 05:03:37 12917 -27554 P -1.2070 0.6086 60.6S 110.7W 0 270
69 31 -0210 Apr 05 11:52:15 12709 -27331 P -1.2754 0.4918 60.7S 137.6E 0 279
70 32 -0192 Apr 15 18:32:04 12503 -27108 P -1.3502 0.3636 61.0S 28.1E 0 288
71 33 -0174 Apr 27 01:04:42 12300 -26885 P -1.4299 0.2270 61.4S 79.7W 0 297
72 34 -0156 May 07 07:31:45 12099 -26662 Pe -1.5131 0.0844 62.0S 173.7E 0 305
[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.
[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).
[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses .
[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to the Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is virtually identical to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.
The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..
The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).
The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:
A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.
Special thanks to Dan McGlaun for extracting the individual eclipse maps from the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 for use in this catalog and for preparing the Saros series animations from these maps.
The Besselian elements used in the predictions were kindly provided by Jean Meeus. All eclipse calculations are by Fred Espenak, and he assumes full responsibility for their accuracy. Some of the information presented on this web site is based on data originally published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000
Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:
"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)"
