The periodicity and recurrence of solar (and lunar) eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses. Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole.
Solar eclipses of Saros 49 all occur at the Moon’s ascending node and the Moon moves southward with each eclipse. The series began with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on -1248 Feb 22. The series ended with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on 0032 Mar 29. The total duration of Saros series 49 is 1280.14 years. In summary:
First Eclipse = -1248 Feb 22 01:19:20 TD
Last Eclipse = 0032 Mar 29 23:10:01 TD
Duration of Saros 49 = 1280.14 Years
Saros 49 is composed of 72 solar eclipses as follows:
| Solar Eclipses of Saros 49 | |||
| Eclipse Type | Symbol | Number | Percent |
| All Eclipses | - | 72 | 100.0% |
| Partial | P | 32 | 44.4% |
| Annular | A | 40 | 55.6% |
| Total | T | 0 | 0.0% |
| Hybrid[3] | H | 0 | 0.0% |
Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 49 appears in the following table.
| Umbral Eclipses of Saros 49 | ||
| Classification | Number | Percent |
| All Umbral Eclipses | 40 | 100.0% |
| Central (two limits) | 40 | 100.0% |
| Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
| Non-Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
The following string illustrates the sequence of the 72 eclipses in Saros 49: 9P 40A 23P
The longest and shortest eclipses of Saros 49 as well as other eclipse extrema are listed below.
Longest Annular Solar Eclipse: -0762 Dec 10 Duration = 11m29s
Shortest Annular Solar Eclipse: -1086 May 29 Duration = 00m58s
Largest Partial Solar Eclipse: -1104 May 18 Magnitude = 0.9221
Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse: -1248 Feb 22 Magnitude = 0.0493
Local circumstances at greatest eclipse[4] for every eclipse of Saros 49 are presented in the following catalog. The sequence number in the first column links to a global map showing regions of eclipse visibility. A detailed key and additional information about the catalog can be found at: Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.
For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, see Saros 049 Animation.
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
01 -36 -1248 Feb 22 01:19:20 29024 -40171 Pb 1.5180 0.0493 61.8N 135.1W 0 122
02 -35 -1230 Mar 04 09:02:14 28683 -39948 P 1.4798 0.1189 61.3N 98.8E 0 113
03 -34 -1212 Mar 14 16:33:47 28345 -39725 P 1.4331 0.2040 61.0N 24.3W 0 104
04 -33 -1194 Mar 25 23:56:37 28008 -39502 P 1.3801 0.3006 60.8N 145.2W 0 95
05 -32 -1176 Apr 05 07:09:46 27674 -39279 P 1.3203 0.4096 60.7N 96.4E 0 87
06 -31 -1158 Apr 16 14:16:12 27342 -39056 P 1.2557 0.5268 60.8N 20.3W 0 78
07 -30 -1140 Apr 26 21:15:19 27011 -38833 P 1.1859 0.6532 61.1N 135.3W 0 69
08 -29 -1122 May 08 04:08:41 26683 -38610 P 1.1121 0.7859 61.5N 111.1E 0 61
09 -28 -1104 May 18 10:58:05 26356 -38387 P 1.0360 0.9221 62.0N 1.6W 0 52
10 -27 -1086 May 29 17:44:39 26032 -38164 A 0.9583 0.9840 71.3N 78.0W 16 76 204 00m58s
11 -26 -1068 Jun 09 00:29:44 25710 -37941 A 0.8802 0.9831 74.7N 145.6W 28 110 127 01m07s
12 -25 -1050 Jun 20 07:15:06 25389 -37718 A 0.8029 0.9806 73.7N 141.2E 36 140 116 01m22s
13 -24 -1032 Jun 30 14:02:38 25071 -37495 A 0.7281 0.9772 70.0N 58.1E 43 162 119 01m44s
14 -23 -1014 Jul 11 20:53:54 24755 -37272 A 0.6573 0.9731 64.9N 34.2W 49 175 129 02m11s
15 -22 -0996 Jul 22 03:48:45 24440 -37049 A 0.5900 0.9685 58.9N 132.7W 54 184 141 02m45s
16 -21 -0978 Aug 02 10:50:28 24128 -36826 A 0.5291 0.9636 52.6N 124.0E 58 190 156 03m24s
17 -20 -0960 Aug 12 17:58:00 23818 -36603 A 0.4738 0.9584 46.0N 17.3E 61 194 172 04m07s
18 -19 -0942 Aug 24 01:14:02 23509 -36380 A 0.4261 0.9533 39.5N 92.7W 65 196 189 04m54s
19 -18 -0924 Sep 03 08:36:30 23203 -36157 A 0.3843 0.9480 33.0N 154.8E 67 198 206 05m44s
20 -17 -0906 Sep 14 16:08:17 22899 -35934 A 0.3512 0.9431 26.8N 39.7E 69 199 224 06m33s
21 -16 -0888 Sep 24 23:47:00 22596 -35711 A 0.3243 0.9383 20.8N 77.5W 71 199 241 07m23s
22 -15 -0870 Oct 06 07:33:24 22296 -35488 A 0.3044 0.9341 15.2N 163.4E 72 199 257 08m11s
23 -14 -0852 Oct 16 15:26:05 21998 -35265 A 0.2902 0.9302 10.1N 42.8E 73 197 272 08m58s
24 -13 -0834 Oct 27 23:24:23 21701 -35042 A 0.2810 0.9270 5.4N 79.0W 74 196 285 09m41s
25 -12 -0816 Nov 07 07:26:32 21407 -34819 A 0.2757 0.9244 1.3N 158.4E 74 193 296 10m21s
26 -11 -0798 Nov 18 15:30:01 21115 -34596 A 0.2717 0.9225 2.2S 35.7E 74 190 304 10m53s
27 -10 -0780 Nov 28 23:34:55 20825 -34373 A 0.2693 0.9212 5.0S 87.1W 74 186 310 11m17s
28 -09 -0762 Dec 10 07:38:16 20536 -34150 A 0.2654 0.9206 7.1S 150.7E 75 182 312 11m29s
29 -08 -0744 Dec 20 15:38:37 20250 -33927 A 0.2595 0.9207 8.6S 29.4E 75 178 311 11m26s
30 -07 -0726 Dec 31 23:33:25 19966 -33704 A 0.2491 0.9215 9.5S 90.3W 76 173 306 11m10s
31 -06 -0707 Jan 11 07:22:27 19684 -33481 A 0.2340 0.9229 9.8S 151.5E 77 169 299 10m42s
32 -05 -0689 Jan 22 15:04:06 19387 -33258 A 0.2127 0.9248 9.6S 35.2E 78 164 290 10m05s
33 -04 -0671 Feb 01 22:36:20 19083 -33035 A 0.1837 0.9271 9.0S 78.8W 79 160 278 09m24s
34 -03 -0653 Feb 13 05:59:48 18785 -32812 A 0.1475 0.9298 8.1S 169.6E 82 157 266 08m43s
35 -02 -0635 Feb 23 13:13:23 18491 -32589 A 0.1032 0.9326 7.0S 60.5E 84 154 253 08m05s
36 -01 -0617 Mar 06 20:17:43 18201 -32366 A 0.0513 0.9357 5.7S 46.2W 87 152 240 07m30s
37 00 -0599 Mar 17 03:12:05 17917 -32143 Am -0.0090 0.9387 4.6S 150.2W 89 332 227 07m01s
38 01 -0581 Mar 28 09:58:33 17636 -31920 A -0.0757 0.9417 3.7S 107.9E 86 331 216 06m37s
39 02 -0563 Apr 07 16:37:26 17360 -31697 A -0.1488 0.9445 3.2S 7.9E 81 331 207 06m20s
40 03 -0545 Apr 18 23:09:10 17089 -31474 A -0.2280 0.9470 3.3S 90.2W 77 332 199 06m07s
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
41 04 -0527 Apr 29 05:36:29 16821 -31251 A -0.3108 0.9492 4.1S 172.8E 72 334 195 06m01s
42 05 -0509 May 10 12:00:03 16558 -31028 A -0.3967 0.9510 5.8S 76.5E 67 337 194 05m57s
43 06 -0491 May 20 18:22:59 16299 -30805 A -0.4836 0.9522 8.6S 19.9W 61 340 197 05m58s
44 07 -0473 Jun 01 00:43:55 16043 -30582 A -0.5724 0.9530 12.6S 116.3W 55 344 207 05m59s
45 08 -0455 Jun 11 07:08:11 15791 -30359 A -0.6586 0.9531 17.7S 145.9E 49 348 226 05m58s
46 09 -0437 Jun 22 13:34:11 15543 -30136 A -0.7436 0.9527 24.2S 46.8E 42 352 258 05m53s
47 10 -0419 Jul 02 20:06:15 15299 -29913 A -0.8239 0.9517 31.9S 54.7W 34 356 312 05m43s
48 11 -0401 Jul 14 02:42:55 15059 -29690 A -0.9009 0.9499 41.7S 158.8W 25 1 427 05m26s
49 12 -0383 Jul 24 09:29:05 14821 -29467 A -0.9706 0.9468 55.1S 91.6E 13 8 844 05m02s
50 13 -0365 Aug 04 16:22:57 14588 -29244 P -1.0341 0.9075 69.1S 29.5W 0 24
51 14 -0347 Aug 14 23:26:34 14357 -29021 P -1.0902 0.8105 70.0S 148.7W 0 36
52 15 -0329 Aug 26 06:39:50 14130 -28798 P -1.1389 0.7263 70.7S 89.2E 0 49
53 16 -0311 Sep 05 14:04:12 13906 -28575 P -1.1791 0.6569 71.3S 36.3W 0 62
54 17 -0293 Sep 16 21:38:41 13685 -28352 P -1.2116 0.6008 71.7S 164.8W 0 76
55 18 -0275 Sep 27 05:23:15 13467 -28129 P -1.2366 0.5576 71.8S 64.0E 0 90
56 19 -0257 Oct 08 13:17:29 13251 -27906 P -1.2544 0.5270 71.7S 69.6W 0 104
57 20 -0239 Oct 18 21:21:02 13039 -27683 P -1.2656 0.5077 71.3S 154.7E 0 118
58 21 -0221 Oct 30 05:31:21 12829 -27460 P -1.2721 0.4966 70.7S 17.7E 0 131
59 22 -0203 Nov 09 13:48:43 12622 -27237 P -1.2738 0.4937 69.9S 120.5W 0 145
60 23 -0185 Nov 20 22:09:44 12417 -27014 P -1.2734 0.4944 69.0S 101.1E 0 157
61 24 -0167 Dec 01 06:34:42 12215 -26791 P -1.2707 0.4992 67.9S 37.7W 0 169
62 25 -0149 Dec 12 14:58:47 12015 -26568 P -1.2695 0.5013 66.9S 175.6W 0 180
63 26 -0131 Dec 22 23:24:08 11818 -26345 P -1.2683 0.5036 65.8S 46.6E 0 191
64 27 -0112 Jan 03 07:45:39 11622 -26122 P -1.2712 0.4985 64.8S 89.7W 0 202
65 28 -0094 Jan 13 16:04:15 11429 -25899 P -1.2771 0.4883 63.8S 135.2E 0 212
66 29 -0076 Jan 25 00:16:04 11238 -25676 P -1.2891 0.4668 63.0S 2.0E 0 221
67 30 -0058 Feb 04 08:23:05 11048 -25453 P -1.3058 0.4370 62.3S 129.7W 0 231
68 31 -0040 Feb 15 16:22:41 10861 -25230 P -1.3294 0.3942 61.7S 100.6E 0 240
69 32 -0022 Feb 26 00:15:02 10675 -25007 P -1.3595 0.3393 61.3S 27.1W 0 249
70 33 -0004 Mar 08 07:59:58 10491 -24784 P -1.3963 0.2713 61.0S 152.8W 0 258
71 34 0014 Mar 19 15:38:24 10308 -24561 P -1.4389 0.1919 60.9S 83.0E 0 267
72 35 0032 Mar 29 23:10:01 10127 -24338 Pe -1.4877 0.1002 61.0S 39.4W 0 276
[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.
[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).
[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses .
[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to the Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is virtually identical to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.
The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..
The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).
The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:
A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.
Special thanks to Dan McGlaun for extracting the individual eclipse maps from the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 for use in this catalog and for preparing the Saros series animations from these maps.
The Besselian elements used in the predictions were kindly provided by Jean Meeus. All eclipse calculations are by Fred Espenak, and he assumes full responsibility for their accuracy. Some of the information presented on this web site is based on data originally published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000
Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:
"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)"
