The periodicity and recurrence of solar (and lunar) eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses. Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole.
Solar eclipses of Saros 65 all occur at the Moon’s ascending node and the Moon moves southward with each eclipse. The series began with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on -0749 Apr 24. The series ended with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on 0513 May 20. The total duration of Saros series 65 is 1262.11 years. In summary:
First Eclipse = -0749 Apr 24 11:17:29 TD
Last Eclipse = 0513 May 20 19:52:49 TD
Duration of Saros 65 = 1262.11 Years
Saros 65 is composed of 71 solar eclipses as follows:
| Solar Eclipses of Saros 65 | |||
| Eclipse Type | Symbol | Number | Percent |
| All Eclipses | - | 71 | 100.0% |
| Partial | P | 15 | 21.1% |
| Annular | A | 27 | 38.0% |
| Total | T | 25 | 35.2% |
| Hybrid[3] | H | 4 | 5.6% |
Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 65 appears in the following table.
| Umbral Eclipses of Saros 65 | ||
| Classification | Number | Percent |
| All Umbral Eclipses | 56 | 100.0% |
| Central (two limits) | 54 | 96.4% |
| Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
| Non-Central (one limit) | 2 | 3.6% |
The following string illustrates the sequence of the 71 eclipses in Saros 65: 6P 27A 4H 25T 9P
The longest and shortest eclipses of Saros 65 as well as other eclipse extrema are listed below.
Longest Total Solar Eclipse: -0010 Jul 10 Duration = 03m06s
Shortest Total Solar Eclipse: 0206 Nov 17 Duration = 01m12s
Longest Annular Solar Eclipse: -0407 Nov 15 Duration = 08m55s
Shortest Annular Solar Eclipse: -0172 Apr 04 Duration = 00m24s
Longest Hybrid Solar Eclipse: -0100 May 17 Duration = 01m44s
Shortest Hybrid Solar Eclipse: -0154 Apr 15 Duration = 00m11s
Largest Partial Solar Eclipse: 0369 Feb 23 Magnitude = 0.9583
Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse: -0749 Apr 24 Magnitude = 0.0838
Local circumstances at greatest eclipse[4] for every eclipse of Saros 65 are presented in the following catalog. The sequence number in the first column links to a global map showing regions of eclipse visibility. A detailed key and additional information about the catalog can be found at: Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.
For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, see Saros 065 Animation.
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
01 -33 -0749 Apr 24 11:17:29 20340 -33997 Pb 1.5140 0.0838 61.1N 13.5W 0 69
02 -32 -0731 May 04 17:41:04 20055 -33774 P 1.4323 0.2232 61.5N 119.4W 0 61
03 -31 -0713 May 16 00:00:37 19772 -33551 P 1.3470 0.3691 62.1N 135.6E 0 52
04 -30 -0695 May 26 06:18:53 19483 -33328 P 1.2598 0.5182 62.7N 30.7E 0 43
05 -29 -0677 Jun 06 12:36:38 19178 -33105 P 1.1719 0.6687 63.5N 74.3W 0 34
06 -28 -0659 Jun 16 18:56:53 18878 -32882 P 1.0852 0.8166 64.4N 179.8E 0 25
07 -27 -0641 Jun 28 01:18:35 18582 -32659 A+ 0.9992 0.9632 65.3N 73.2E 0 15 - -
08 -26 -0623 Jul 08 07:46:48 18292 -32436 A 0.9182 0.9375 87.9N 32.3E 23 72 599 04m17s
09 -25 -0605 Jul 19 14:19:55 18006 -32213 A 0.8407 0.9383 79.9N 50.7E 32 191 428 04m40s
10 -24 -0587 Jul 29 21:02:02 17724 -31990 A 0.7699 0.9382 70.6N 46.4W 39 198 362 05m06s
11 -23 -0569 Aug 10 03:51:16 17447 -31767 A 0.7045 0.9375 62.0N 149.5W 45 200 328 05m34s
12 -22 -0551 Aug 20 10:51:35 17174 -31544 A 0.6477 0.9365 54.0N 103.5E 49 201 310 06m03s
13 -21 -0533 Aug 31 18:00:44 16905 -31321 A 0.5977 0.9353 46.5N 6.3W 53 202 299 06m34s
14 -20 -0515 Sep 11 01:20:22 16640 -31098 A 0.5559 0.9343 39.4N 119.1W 56 202 293 07m03s
15 -19 -0497 Sep 22 08:50:00 16379 -30875 A 0.5216 0.9332 32.9N 125.6E 58 201 290 07m32s
16 -18 -0479 Oct 02 16:30:01 16123 -30652 A 0.4951 0.9324 26.8N 7.6E 60 200 289 07m57s
17 -17 -0461 Oct 14 00:19:05 15870 -30429 A 0.4756 0.9318 21.3N 112.4W 61 198 288 08m20s
18 -16 -0443 Oct 24 08:15:20 15621 -30206 A 0.4612 0.9318 16.4N 125.8E 62 196 286 08m38s
19 -15 -0425 Nov 04 16:19:10 15376 -29983 A 0.4525 0.9322 12.2N 2.4E 63 193 283 08m51s
20 -14 -0407 Nov 15 00:27:37 15134 -29760 A 0.4466 0.9332 8.7N 122.0W 63 190 278 08m55s
21 -13 -0389 Nov 26 08:39:30 14895 -29537 A 0.4429 0.9349 5.9N 113.0E 64 186 270 08m51s
22 -12 -0371 Dec 06 16:52:06 14661 -29314 A 0.4391 0.9372 3.7N 12.1W 64 182 260 08m35s
23 -11 -0353 Dec 18 01:04:52 14429 -29091 A 0.4347 0.9402 2.3N 137.0W 64 178 246 08m07s
24 -10 -0335 Dec 28 09:15:22 14201 -28868 A 0.4276 0.9438 1.5N 98.7E 65 174 229 07m28s
25 -09 -0316 Jan 08 17:21:51 13976 -28645 A 0.4165 0.9481 1.2N 24.5W 65 169 209 06m41s
26 -08 -0298 Jan 19 01:23:21 13754 -28422 A 0.4003 0.9531 1.4N 146.3W 66 165 186 05m48s
27 -07 -0280 Jan 30 09:18:46 13535 -28199 A 0.3783 0.9584 2.0N 93.5E 68 161 162 04m55s
28 -06 -0262 Feb 09 17:06:51 13319 -27976 A 0.3495 0.9643 3.0N 24.7W 70 157 137 04m02s
29 -05 -0244 Feb 21 00:47:37 13105 -27753 A 0.3135 0.9704 4.2N 140.9W 72 154 111 03m12s
30 -04 -0226 Mar 03 08:21:06 12895 -27530 A 0.2706 0.9769 5.6N 104.9E 74 152 85 02m24s
31 -03 -0208 Mar 13 15:48:10 12687 -27307 A 0.2211 0.9832 7.0N 7.5W 77 151 61 01m41s
32 -02 -0190 Mar 24 23:07:08 12481 -27084 A 0.1639 0.9897 8.3N 117.5W 81 150 37 01m01s
33 -01 -0172 Apr 04 06:21:06 12278 -26861 A 0.1016 0.9959 9.5N 133.9E 84 151 14 00m24s
34 00 -0154 Apr 15 13:29:12 12078 -26638 H 0.0334 1.0019 10.2N 27.0E 88 153 7 00m11s
35 01 -0136 Apr 25 20:34:51 11879 -26415 H -0.0381 1.0074 10.3N 79.2W 88 333 26 00m44s
36 02 -0118 May 07 03:35:48 11683 -26192 Hm -0.1145 1.0125 9.7N 175.8E 83 337 43 01m15s
37 03 -0100 May 17 10:37:31 11489 -25969 H2 -0.1912 1.0170 8.4N 70.5E 79 340 59 01m44s
38 04 -0082 May 28 17:37:45 11298 -25746 T -0.2698 1.0209 6.0N 34.7W 74 344 74 02m11s
39 05 -0064 Jun 08 00:40:35 11107 -25523 T -0.3471 1.0241 2.8N 141.0W 70 348 87 02m34s
40 06 -0046 Jun 19 07:44:32 10919 -25300 T -0.4244 1.0265 1.3S 111.8E 65 352 99 02m52s
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
41 07 -0028 Jun 29 14:53:57 10733 -25077 T -0.4978 1.0283 6.2S 2.7E 60 357 110 03m03s
42 08 -0010 Jul 10 22:07:51 10548 -24854 T -0.5681 1.0294 11.8S 108.3W 55 1 121 03m06s
43 09 0008 Jul 21 05:28:07 10365 -24631 T -0.6339 1.0298 18.0S 138.4E 51 5 130 03m02s
44 10 0026 Aug 01 12:55:45 10184 -24408 T -0.6941 1.0296 24.7S 22.6E 46 9 139 02m53s
45 11 0044 Aug 11 20:31:57 10003 -24185 T -0.7477 1.0290 31.5S 96.2W 41 14 147 02m39s
46 12 0062 Aug 23 04:17:02 9825 -23962 T -0.7950 1.0280 38.5S 142.1E 37 18 155 02m24s
47 13 0080 Sep 02 12:11:02 9647 -23739 T -0.8355 1.0267 45.5S 17.4E 33 24 164 02m08s
48 14 0098 Sep 13 20:14:32 9471 -23516 T -0.8688 1.0253 52.3S 110.7W 29 30 173 01m53s
49 15 0116 Sep 24 04:27:28 9295 -23293 T -0.8950 1.0239 58.6S 117.8E 26 36 182 01m39s
50 16 0134 Oct 05 12:48:19 9121 -23070 T -0.9153 1.0226 64.5S 16.9W 23 45 193 01m29s
51 17 0152 Oct 15 21:18:07 8947 -22847 T -0.9291 1.0217 69.7S 155.1W 21 54 203 01m20s
52 18 0170 Oct 27 05:54:29 8775 -22624 T -0.9382 1.0212 74.4S 63.3E 20 65 213 01m15s
53 19 0188 Nov 06 14:37:31 8603 -22401 T -0.9423 1.0212 78.4S 81.3W 19 78 222 01m13s
54 20 0206 Nov 17 23:23:19 8431 -22178 T -0.9446 1.0218 82.0S 127.9E 19 96 233 01m12s
55 21 0224 Nov 28 08:13:29 8260 -21955 T -0.9439 1.0230 85.1S 35.6W 19 126 244 01m15s
56 22 0242 Dec 09 17:03:55 8090 -21732 T -0.9438 1.0246 85.7S 133.6E 19 183 261 01m19s
57 23 0260 Dec 20 01:54:30 7920 -21509 T -0.9438 1.0267 83.2S 40.3W 19 223 283 01m25s
58 24 0278 Dec 31 10:41:52 7750 -21286 T -0.9471 1.0290 79.4S 170.4E 18 240 316 01m32s
59 25 0297 Jan 10 19:26:43 7581 -21063 T -0.9528 1.0318 75.5S 29.8E 17 248 364 01m40s
60 26 0315 Jan 22 04:06:13 7412 -20840 T -0.9636 1.0344 71.5S 104.5W 15 252 449 01m48s
61 27 0333 Feb 01 12:39:53 7242 -20617 T -0.9795 1.0368 67.6S 127.3E 11 252 655 01m54s
62 28 0351 Feb 12 21:06:45 7073 -20394 T- -1.0018 1.0102 61.7S 13.3E 0 241 - -
63 29 0369 Feb 23 05:26:33 6903 -20171 P -1.0301 0.9583 61.2S 121.2W 0 250
64 30 0387 Mar 06 13:38:22 6733 -19948 P -1.0654 0.8923 61.0S 106.4E 0 259
65 31 0405 Mar 16 21:42:37 6563 -19725 P -1.1073 0.8133 60.9S 24.0W 0 268
66 32 0423 Mar 28 05:39:26 6393 -19502 P -1.1556 0.7213 60.9S 152.7W 0 276
67 33 0441 Apr 07 13:29:51 6222 -19279 P -1.2093 0.6182 61.1S 80.3E 0 285
68 34 0459 Apr 18 21:12:31 6050 -19056 P -1.2694 0.5020 61.5S 45.0W 0 294
69 35 0477 Apr 29 04:50:23 5878 -18833 P -1.3332 0.3782 62.0S 169.1W 0 303
70 36 0495 May 10 12:22:50 5705 -18610 P -1.4013 0.2458 62.6S 67.9E 0 312
71 37 0513 May 20 19:52:49 5531 -18387 Pe -1.4713 0.1095 63.3S 54.6W 0 321
[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.
[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).
[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses .
[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to the Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is virtually identical to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.
The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..
The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).
The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:
A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.
Special thanks to Dan McGlaun for extracting the individual eclipse maps from the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 for use in this catalog and for preparing the Saros series animations from these maps.
The Besselian elements used in the predictions were kindly provided by Jean Meeus. All eclipse calculations are by Fred Espenak, and he assumes full responsibility for their accuracy. Some of the information presented on this web site is based on data originally published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000
Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:
"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)"
