The periodicity and recurrence of solar (and lunar) eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses. Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole.
Solar eclipses of Saros 84 all occur at the Moon’s descending node and the Moon moves northward with each eclipse. The series began with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on -0181 Apr 14. The series ended with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on 1099 May 22. The total duration of Saros series 84 is 1280.14 years. In summary:
First Eclipse = -0181 Apr 14 08:48:52 TD
Last Eclipse = 1099 May 22 20:42:06 TD
Duration of Saros 84 = 1280.14 Years
Saros 84 is composed of 72 solar eclipses as follows:
| Solar Eclipses of Saros 84 | |||
| Eclipse Type | Symbol | Number | Percent |
| All Eclipses | - | 72 | 100.0% |
| Partial | P | 17 | 23.6% |
| Annular | A | 1 | 1.4% |
| Total | T | 43 | 59.7% |
| Hybrid[3] | H | 11 | 15.3% |
Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 84 appears in the following table.
| Umbral Eclipses of Saros 84 | ||
| Classification | Number | Percent |
| All Umbral Eclipses | 55 | 100.0% |
| Central (two limits) | 55 | 100.0% |
| Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
| Non-Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
The following string illustrates the sequence of the 72 eclipses in Saros 84: 7P 1A 11H 43T 10P
The longest and shortest eclipses of Saros 84 as well as other eclipse extrema are listed below.
Longest Total Solar Eclipse: 0468 May 08 Duration = 06m56s
Shortest Total Solar Eclipse: 0919 Feb 03 Duration = 00m09s
Longest Annular Solar Eclipse: -0055 Jun 28 Duration = 00m05s
Shortest Annular Solar Eclipse: -0055 Jun 28 Duration = 00m05s
Longest Hybrid Solar Eclipse: 0143 Oct 25 Duration = 01m18s
Shortest Hybrid Solar Eclipse: -0037 Jul 09 Duration = 00m24s
Largest Partial Solar Eclipse: 0937 Feb 14 Magnitude = 0.9686
Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse: 1099 May 22 Magnitude = 0.0483
Local circumstances at greatest eclipse[4] for every eclipse of Saros 84 are presented in the following catalog. The sequence number in the first column links to a global map showing regions of eclipse visibility. A detailed key and additional information about the catalog can be found at: Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.
For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, see Saros 084 Animation.
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
01 -35 -0181 Apr 14 08:48:52 12379 -26972 Pb -1.5134 0.0692 71.4S 165.3E 0 295
02 -34 -0163 Apr 24 15:44:48 12177 -26749 P -1.4394 0.1987 70.9S 47.0E 0 308
03 -33 -0145 May 05 22:36:34 11978 -26526 P -1.3604 0.3385 70.2S 69.7W 0 321
04 -32 -0127 May 16 05:28:25 11781 -26303 P -1.2800 0.4823 69.4S 174.1E 0 333
05 -31 -0109 May 27 12:19:21 11586 -26080 P -1.1974 0.6312 68.4S 58.7E 0 344
06 -30 -0091 Jun 06 19:11:26 11393 -25857 P -1.1144 0.7821 67.4S 56.4W 0 355
07 -29 -0073 Jun 18 02:06:24 11202 -25634 P -1.0323 0.9320 66.4S 171.7W 0 5
08 -28 -0055 Jun 28 09:05:34 11013 -25411 A -0.9523 0.9991 48.5S 79.1E 17 9 10 00m05s
09 -27 -0037 Jul 09 16:10:20 10826 -25188 H -0.8758 1.0041 37.3S 29.9W 29 13 30 00m24s
10 -26 -0019 Jul 19 23:20:57 10640 -24965 H -0.8030 1.0076 30.2S 139.9W 36 17 44 00m45s
11 -25 -0001 Jul 31 06:40:18 10456 -24742 H -0.7362 1.0101 25.6S 108.4E 42 20 50 00m59s
12 -24 0017 Aug 10 14:07:44 10274 -24519 H -0.6750 1.0118 22.9S 4.9W 47 24 54 01m08s
13 -23 0035 Aug 21 21:43:50 10093 -24296 H2 -0.6201 1.0130 21.7S 120.2W 52 27 56 01m13s
14 -22 0053 Sep 01 05:29:38 9913 -24073 H2 -0.5723 1.0138 21.8S 122.2E 55 29 57 01m15s
15 -21 0071 Sep 12 13:25:34 9735 -23850 H2 -0.5324 1.0142 23.1S 2.1E 58 31 57 01m15s
16 -20 0089 Sep 22 21:31:16 9558 -23627 H2 -0.4994 1.0146 25.2S 120.3W 60 33 57 01m15s
17 -19 0107 Oct 04 05:45:26 9382 -23404 H2 -0.4727 1.0149 28.1S 115.2E 62 33 57 01m15s
18 -18 0125 Oct 14 14:08:53 9207 -23181 H2 -0.4532 1.0153 31.5S 11.4W 63 33 58 01m16s
19 -17 0143 Oct 25 22:40:07 9034 -22958 H2 -0.4397 1.0158 35.1S 139.5W 64 32 60 01m18s
20 -16 0161 Nov 05 07:17:14 8860 -22735 T -0.4303 1.0168 38.8S 91.5E 64 29 63 01m22s
21 -15 0179 Nov 16 15:59:19 8688 -22512 T -0.4248 1.0180 42.3S 38.1W 65 26 68 01m27s
22 -14 0197 Nov 27 00:44:28 8516 -22289 T -0.4213 1.0198 45.2S 167.4W 65 21 75 01m35s
23 -13 0215 Dec 08 09:31:55 8345 -22066 T -0.4194 1.0220 47.3S 63.6E 65 16 83 01m46s
24 -12 0233 Dec 18 18:17:54 8175 -21843 T -0.4161 1.0249 48.2S 64.4W 65 9 93 02m00s
25 -11 0251 Dec 30 03:03:44 8005 -21620 T -0.4123 1.0281 48.0S 167.9E 65 3 105 02m16s
26 -10 0270 Jan 09 11:45:03 7835 -21397 T -0.4047 1.0320 46.3S 40.8E 66 356 118 02m35s
27 -09 0288 Jan 20 20:22:45 7665 -21174 T -0.3936 1.0362 43.4S 86.2W 67 351 133 02m57s
28 -08 0306 Jan 31 04:53:16 7496 -20951 T -0.3761 1.0408 39.3S 147.3E 68 347 147 03m23s
29 -07 0324 Feb 11 13:18:54 7326 -20728 T -0.3543 1.0457 34.3S 20.9E 69 344 163 03m50s
30 -06 0342 Feb 21 21:36:39 7157 -20505 T -0.3256 1.0507 28.6S 104.6W 71 342 177 04m20s
31 -05 0360 Mar 04 05:47:15 6988 -20282 T -0.2905 1.0557 22.4S 130.9E 73 342 192 04m50s
32 -04 0378 Mar 15 13:50:01 6818 -20059 T -0.2483 1.0606 15.6S 7.9E 76 342 205 05m21s
33 -03 0396 Mar 25 21:46:08 6648 -19836 T -0.2001 1.0653 8.6S 113.9W 78 342 218 05m50s
34 -02 0414 Apr 06 05:35:10 6478 -19613 T -0.1457 1.0696 1.4S 126.1E 82 343 229 06m16s
35 -01 0432 Apr 16 13:17:57 6307 -19390 T -0.0858 1.0734 5.9N 7.7E 85 344 239 06m37s
36 00 0450 Apr 27 20:55:28 6136 -19167 T -0.0211 1.0765 13.2N 109.1W 89 346 248 06m50s
37 01 0468 May 08 04:28:58 5964 -18944 Tm 0.0474 1.0789 20.2N 135.6E 87 170 255 06m56s
38 02 0486 May 19 11:58:26 5791 -18721 T 0.1193 1.0806 27.0N 22.0E 83 173 262 06m54s
39 03 0504 May 29 19:26:16 5617 -18498 T 0.1927 1.0813 33.3N 90.3W 79 177 267 06m44s
40 04 0522 Jun 10 02:52:34 5443 -18275 T 0.2675 1.0812 38.9N 159.0E 74 181 272 06m28s
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
41 05 0540 Jun 20 10:19:58 5268 -18052 T 0.3414 1.0801 43.7N 49.3E 70 187 275 06m07s
42 06 0558 Jul 01 17:47:13 5090 -17829 T 0.4153 1.0783 47.5N 59.1W 65 194 278 05m45s
43 07 0576 Jul 12 01:18:44 4910 -17606 T 0.4856 1.0755 50.0N 167.6W 61 201 280 05m21s
44 08 0594 Jul 23 08:52:46 4730 -17383 T 0.5537 1.0720 51.3N 83.8E 56 208 280 04m58s
45 09 0612 Aug 02 16:33:18 4576 -17160 T 0.6163 1.0679 51.5N 26.6W 52 215 280 04m35s
46 10 0630 Aug 14 00:17:53 4432 -16937 T 0.6751 1.0631 50.9N 138.7W 47 220 278 04m13s
47 11 0648 Aug 24 08:10:54 4289 -16714 T 0.7270 1.0579 49.8N 105.9E 43 223 274 03m52s
48 12 0666 Sep 04 16:09:34 4112 -16491 T 0.7740 1.0524 48.5N 12.2W 39 225 269 03m31s
49 13 0684 Sep 15 00:16:17 3932 -16268 T 0.8140 1.0468 47.2N 133.6W 35 225 263 03m11s
50 14 0702 Sep 26 08:29:49 3758 -16045 T 0.8481 1.0410 46.2N 102.4E 32 224 253 02m51s
51 15 0720 Oct 06 16:51:39 3614 -15822 T 0.8749 1.0355 45.5N 24.8W 29 222 241 02m32s
52 16 0738 Oct 18 01:19:49 3470 -15599 T 0.8964 1.0302 45.0N 154.3W 26 218 226 02m13s
53 17 0756 Oct 28 09:53:47 3327 -15376 T 0.9127 1.0254 44.9N 73.8E 24 214 208 01m55s
54 18 0774 Nov 08 18:33:10 3183 -15153 T 0.9242 1.0210 45.0N 60.3W 22 209 186 01m38s
55 19 0792 Nov 19 03:16:47 3039 -14930 T 0.9316 1.0172 45.2N 164.0E 21 203 162 01m23s
56 20 0810 Nov 30 12:02:24 2896 -14707 T 0.9373 1.0139 45.7N 27.3E 20 197 138 01m08s
57 21 0828 Dec 10 20:49:00 2752 -14484 T 0.9416 1.0113 46.6N 109.9W 19 191 117 00m56s
58 22 0846 Dec 22 05:34:51 2608 -14261 T 0.9462 1.0090 48.0N 112.9E 18 185 98 00m45s
59 23 0865 Jan 01 14:19:03 2465 -14038 T 0.9518 1.0073 50.1N 24.3W 17 178 84 00m36s
60 24 0883 Jan 12 22:58:13 2321 -13815 T 0.9609 1.0057 53.3N 160.9W 15 171 73 00m27s
61 25 0901 Jan 23 07:33:16 2179 -13592 T 0.9731 1.0042 57.8N 62.0E 13 163 67 00m19s
62 26 0919 Feb 03 16:00:53 2072 -13369 T 0.9909 1.0020 65.2N 78.8W 6 150 62 00m09s
63 27 0937 Feb 14 00:21:18 1964 -13146 P 1.0142 0.9686 71.1N 132.7E 0 127
64 28 0955 Feb 25 08:32:13 1856 -12923 P 1.0447 0.9127 71.7N 4.2W 0 114
65 29 0973 Mar 07 16:34:55 1748 -12700 P 1.0813 0.8457 72.0N 139.4W 0 100
66 30 0991 Mar 19 00:28:00 1641 -12477 P 1.1249 0.7658 72.0N 87.7E 0 86
67 31 1009 Mar 29 08:11:00 1542 -12254 P 1.1762 0.6719 71.8N 42.6W 0 72
68 32 1027 Apr 09 15:45:07 1453 -12031 P 1.2337 0.5664 71.4N 170.2W 0 59
69 33 1045 Apr 19 23:10:13 1363 -11808 P 1.2979 0.4491 70.7N 64.8E 0 46
70 34 1063 May 01 06:27:56 1273 -11585 P 1.3668 0.3234 69.9N 57.7W 0 34
71 35 1081 May 11 13:37:25 1183 -11362 P 1.4413 0.1880 69.0N 177.5W 0 22
72 36 1099 May 22 20:42:06 1094 -11139 Pe 1.5185 0.0483 68.1N 64.5E 0 11
[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.
[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).
[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses .
[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to the Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is virtually identical to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.
The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..
The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).
The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:
A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.
Special thanks to Dan McGlaun for extracting the individual eclipse maps from the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 for use in this catalog and for preparing the Saros series animations from these maps.
The Besselian elements used in the predictions were kindly provided by Jean Meeus. All eclipse calculations are by Fred Espenak, and he assumes full responsibility for their accuracy. Some of the information presented on this web site is based on data originally published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000
Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:
"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)"
