The periodicity and recurrence of solar (and lunar) eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses. Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole.
Solar eclipses of Saros 93 all occur at the Moon’s ascending node and the Moon moves southward with each eclipse. The series began with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on -0029 Aug 09. The series ended with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on 1287 Oct 08. The total duration of Saros series 93 is 1316.20 years. In summary:
First Eclipse = -0029 Aug 09 20:27:28 TD
Last Eclipse = 1287 Oct 08 20:00:06 TD
Duration of Saros 93 = 1316.20 Years
Saros 93 is composed of 74 solar eclipses as follows:
| Solar Eclipses of Saros 93 | |||
| Eclipse Type | Symbol | Number | Percent |
| All Eclipses | - | 74 | 100.0% |
| Partial | P | 30 | 40.5% |
| Annular | A | 3 | 4.1% |
| Total | T | 40 | 54.1% |
| Hybrid[3] | H | 1 | 1.4% |
Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 93 appears in the following table.
| Umbral Eclipses of Saros 93 | ||
| Classification | Number | Percent |
| All Umbral Eclipses | 44 | 100.0% |
| Central (two limits) | 43 | 97.7% |
| Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
| Non-Central (one limit) | 1 | 2.3% |
The following string illustrates the sequence of the 74 eclipses in Saros 93: 20P 3A 1H 40T 10P
The longest and shortest eclipses of Saros 93 as well as other eclipse extrema are listed below.
Longest Total Solar Eclipse: 1035 May 10 Duration = 06m00s
Shortest Total Solar Eclipse: 0404 Apr 25 Duration = 00m55s
Longest Annular Solar Eclipse: 0350 Mar 24 Duration = 00m45s
Shortest Annular Solar Eclipse: 0368 Apr 04 Duration = 00m10s
Longest Hybrid Solar Eclipse: 0386 Apr 15 Duration = 00m23s
Shortest Hybrid Solar Eclipse: 0386 Apr 15 Duration = 00m23s
Largest Partial Solar Eclipse: 1125 Jul 02 Magnitude = 0.9294
Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse: 1287 Oct 08 Magnitude = 0.0120
Local circumstances at greatest eclipse[4] for every eclipse of Saros 93 are presented in the following catalog. The sequence number in the first column links to a global map showing regions of eclipse visibility. A detailed key and additional information about the catalog can be found at: Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.
For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, see Saros 093 Animation.
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
01 -34 -0029 Aug 09 20:27:28 10742 -25088 Pb 1.5170 0.0782 69.7N 64.5E 0 328
02 -33 -0011 Aug 20 03:25:56 10557 -24865 P 1.4557 0.1833 70.6N 53.5W 0 315
03 -32 0007 Aug 31 10:35:56 10374 -24642 P 1.4027 0.2739 71.2N 175.1W 0 302
04 -31 0025 Sep 10 17:55:34 10193 -24419 P 1.3567 0.3525 71.7N 60.5E 0 289
05 -30 0043 Sep 22 01:25:13 10012 -24196 P 1.3181 0.4183 71.9N 66.8W 0 275
06 -29 0061 Oct 02 09:05:28 9833 -23973 P 1.2870 0.4713 71.9N 163.2E 0 260
07 -28 0079 Oct 13 16:55:33 9656 -23750 P 1.2629 0.5123 71.6N 30.8E 0 246
08 -27 0097 Oct 24 00:54:11 9479 -23527 P 1.2450 0.5427 71.0N 103.4W 0 233
09 -26 0115 Nov 04 08:59:23 9304 -23304 P 1.2315 0.5657 70.3N 121.4E 0 219
10 -25 0133 Nov 14 17:11:10 9129 -23081 P 1.2227 0.5809 69.4N 14.8W 0 206
11 -24 0151 Nov 26 01:27:03 8956 -22858 P 1.2161 0.5923 68.3N 151.4W 0 194
12 -23 0169 Dec 06 09:45:08 8783 -22635 P 1.2106 0.6021 67.2N 72.1E 0 183
13 -22 0187 Dec 17 18:03:55 8611 -22412 P 1.2047 0.6124 66.1N 63.9W 0 172
14 -21 0205 Dec 28 02:21:27 8440 -22189 P 1.1971 0.6261 65.1N 160.8E 0 161
15 -20 0224 Jan 08 10:36:12 8269 -21966 P 1.1865 0.6450 64.1N 26.6E 0 151
16 -19 0242 Jan 18 18:46:02 8098 -21743 P 1.1710 0.6727 63.2N 106.0W 0 141
17 -18 0260 Jan 30 02:51:04 7928 -21520 P 1.1508 0.7091 62.4N 122.8E 0 132
18 -17 0278 Feb 09 10:49:47 7759 -21297 P 1.1243 0.7569 61.8N 6.5W 0 122
19 -16 0296 Feb 20 18:40:52 7589 -21074 P 1.0908 0.8177 61.3N 133.8W 0 113
20 -15 0314 Mar 03 02:25:09 7420 -20851 P 1.0507 0.8910 60.9N 100.7E 0 104
21 -14 0332 Mar 13 10:01:57 7251 -20628 A+ 1.0036 0.9779 60.7N 22.9W 0 95 - -
22 -13 0350 Mar 24 17:33:04 7081 -20405 A 0.9504 0.9890 57.3N 111.1W 18 116 124 00m45s
23 -12 0368 Apr 04 00:56:17 6912 -20182 A 0.8896 0.9977 55.8N 146.3E 27 123 17 00m10s
24 -11 0386 Apr 15 08:15:41 6742 -19959 H 0.8246 1.0055 55.3N 42.4E 34 128 33 00m23s
25 -10 0404 Apr 25 15:29:35 6572 -19736 T 0.7541 1.0127 55.1N 60.1W 41 134 66 00m55s
26 -09 0422 May 06 22:41:20 6401 -19513 T 0.6806 1.0193 54.8N 161.9W 47 141 89 01m25s
27 -08 0440 May 17 05:49:32 6230 -19290 T 0.6030 1.0253 53.8N 97.4E 53 149 107 01m54s
28 -07 0458 May 28 12:58:30 6058 -19067 T 0.5250 1.0305 52.0N 3.8W 58 157 121 02m21s
29 -06 0476 Jun 07 20:06:49 5886 -18844 T 0.4457 1.0350 49.1N 105.7W 63 165 132 02m48s
30 -05 0494 Jun 19 03:17:12 5713 -18621 T 0.3672 1.0388 45.2N 150.6E 68 172 140 03m14s
31 -04 0512 Jun 29 10:30:12 5539 -18398 T 0.2901 1.0418 40.4N 44.9E 73 178 146 03m37s
32 -03 0530 Jul 10 17:48:09 5364 -18175 T 0.2166 1.0440 35.0N 63.4W 77 183 151 03m57s
33 -02 0548 Jul 21 01:11:32 5189 -17952 T 0.1468 1.0455 29.0N 174.3W 81 187 153 04m12s
34 -01 0566 Aug 01 08:41:01 5009 -17729 T 0.0815 1.0464 22.6N 72.5E 85 190 155 04m22s
35 00 0584 Aug 11 16:18:35 4830 -17506 T 0.0224 1.0467 16.1N 43.5W 89 192 155 04m27s
36 01 0602 Aug 23 00:04:00 4655 -17283 T -0.0306 1.0465 9.5N 161.9W 88 16 155 04m26s
37 02 0620 Sep 02 07:57:50 4512 -17060 T -0.0772 1.0459 2.9N 77.5E 86 17 153 04m21s
38 03 0638 Sep 13 16:00:38 4368 -16837 Tm -0.1169 1.0450 3.6S 45.4W 83 18 151 04m14s
39 04 0656 Sep 24 00:12:25 4211 -16614 T -0.1496 1.0441 9.7S 170.4W 81 18 149 04m05s
40 05 0674 Oct 05 08:33:20 4031 -16391 T -0.1750 1.0430 15.5S 62.4E 80 18 146 03m56s
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
41 06 0692 Oct 15 17:00:55 3851 -16168 T -0.1952 1.0421 21.0S 65.9W 79 17 143 03m48s
42 07 0710 Oct 27 01:37:19 3693 -15945 T -0.2087 1.0414 25.7S 164.2E 78 14 141 03m41s
43 08 0728 Nov 06 10:18:56 3550 -15722 T -0.2182 1.0409 29.8S 33.9E 77 12 140 03m36s
44 09 0746 Nov 17 19:06:17 3406 -15499 T -0.2232 1.0409 33.1S 97.2W 77 8 140 03m33s
45 10 0764 Nov 28 03:55:17 3262 -15276 T -0.2270 1.0412 35.4S 132.0E 77 3 142 03m32s
46 11 0782 Dec 09 12:47:43 3119 -15053 T -0.2283 1.0421 36.7S 0.9E 77 358 145 03m34s
47 12 0800 Dec 19 21:39:25 2975 -14830 T -0.2307 1.0434 37.0S 129.9W 76 352 149 03m38s
48 13 0818 Dec 31 06:30:18 2831 -14607 T -0.2339 1.0452 36.3S 99.5E 76 347 155 03m44s
49 14 0837 Jan 10 15:17:40 2688 -14384 T -0.2405 1.0473 34.7S 30.5W 76 342 162 03m52s
50 15 0855 Jan 22 00:01:28 2544 -14161 T -0.2502 1.0499 32.5S 160.1W 75 338 171 04m01s
51 16 0873 Feb 01 08:39:14 2400 -13938 T -0.2652 1.0527 29.9S 71.3E 74 334 181 04m12s
52 17 0891 Feb 12 17:10:42 2256 -13715 T -0.2857 1.0557 27.0S 56.2W 73 331 191 04m23s
53 18 0909 Feb 23 01:35:04 2131 -13492 T -0.3127 1.0587 24.2S 177.8E 72 330 203 04m36s
54 19 0927 Mar 06 09:52:27 2023 -13269 T -0.3456 1.0617 21.6S 53.4E 70 329 214 04m50s
55 20 0945 Mar 16 18:00:58 1916 -13046 T -0.3861 1.0644 19.4S 68.9W 67 329 227 05m05s
56 21 0963 Mar 28 02:02:32 1808 -12823 T -0.4324 1.0668 17.8S 170.5E 64 330 240 05m20s
57 22 0981 Apr 07 09:55:46 1700 -12600 T -0.4857 1.0687 17.1S 51.8E 61 332 253 05m34s
58 23 0999 Apr 18 17:43:24 1592 -12377 T -0.5439 1.0700 17.3S 65.6W 57 334 268 05m47s
59 24 1017 Apr 29 01:22:47 1502 -12154 T -0.6087 1.0706 18.7S 179.0E 52 337 286 05m56s
60 25 1035 May 10 08:58:31 1412 -11931 T -0.6762 1.0703 21.4S 64.2E 47 340 307 06m00s
61 26 1053 May 20 16:28:31 1323 -11708 T -0.7481 1.0690 25.7S 49.5W 41 343 336 05m55s
62 27 1071 May 31 23:56:38 1233 -11485 T -0.8213 1.0667 31.6S 163.4W 35 347 381 05m38s
63 28 1089 Jun 11 07:20:55 1143 -11262 T -0.8972 1.0629 40.1S 83.0E 26 351 469 05m05s
64 29 1107 Jun 22 14:45:52 1061 -11039 T -0.9722 1.0570 53.6S 32.0W 13 355 834 04m10s
65 30 1125 Jul 02 22:10:05 989 -10816 P -1.0469 0.9294 67.4S 151.5W 0 4
66 31 1143 Jul 14 05:36:19 917 -10593 P -1.1194 0.7889 68.4S 85.4E 0 14
67 32 1161 Jul 24 13:04:53 857 -10370 P -1.1895 0.6540 69.4S 38.8W 0 26
68 33 1179 Aug 04 20:37:56 803 -10147 P -1.2552 0.5283 70.2S 164.6W 0 38
69 34 1197 Aug 15 04:16:07 750 -9924 P -1.3161 0.4129 71.0S 67.7E 0 50
70 35 1215 Aug 26 11:59:14 696 -9701 P -1.3723 0.3075 71.5S 61.8W 0 63
71 36 1233 Sep 05 19:49:30 642 -9478 P -1.4219 0.2156 71.9S 166.5E 0 77
72 37 1251 Sep 17 03:45:52 589 -9255 P -1.4660 0.1351 72.0S 33.1E 0 91
73 38 1269 Sep 27 11:49:53 543 -9032 P -1.5034 0.0680 71.8S 102.2W 0 105
74 39 1287 Oct 08 20:00:06 496 -8809 Pe -1.5351 0.0120 71.4S 121.1E 0 119
[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.
[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).
[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses .
[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to the Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is virtually identical to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.
The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..
The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).
The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:
A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.
Special thanks to Dan McGlaun for extracting the individual eclipse maps from the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 for use in this catalog and for preparing the Saros series animations from these maps.
The Besselian elements used in the predictions were kindly provided by Jean Meeus. All eclipse calculations are by Fred Espenak, and he assumes full responsibility for their accuracy. Some of the information presented on this web site is based on data originally published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000
Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:
"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)"
