Saros Series Catalog of Solar Eclipses

Saros Series 93

Introduction

The periodicity and recurrence of solar eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses. Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole. For more information, see Periodicity of Solar Eclipses.


Statistics for Solar Eclipses of Saros 93

Solar eclipses of Saros 93 all occur at the Moon’s ascending node and the Moon moves southward with each eclipse. The series began with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on -0029 Aug 09. The series ended with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on 1287 Oct 08. The total duration of Saros series 93 is 1316.20 years. In summary:

                      First Eclipse =  -0029 Aug 09   20:27:28 TD
                       Last Eclipse =   1287 Oct 08   20:00:06 TD

                      Duration of Saros  93  =  1316.20 Years

Saros 93 is composed of 74 solar eclipses as follows:

Solar Eclipses of Saros 93
Eclipse Type Symbol Number Percent
All Eclipses - 74100.0%
PartialP 30 40.5%
AnnularA 3 4.1%
TotalT 40 54.1%
Hybrid[3]H 1 1.4%

Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 93 appears in the following table.

Umbral Eclipses of Saros 93
Classification Number Percent
All Umbral Eclipses 44100.0%
Central (two limits) 43 97.7%
Central (one limit) 0 0.0%
Non-Central (one limit) 1 2.3%

The following string illustrates the sequence of the 74 eclipses in Saros 93: 20P 3A 1H 40T 10P

The longest and shortest central eclipses of Saros 93 as well as largest and smallest partial eclipses are listed in the below.

Extreme Durations and Magnitudes of Solar Eclipses of Saros 93
Extrema Type Date Duration Magnitude
Longest Annular Solar Eclipse 0350 Mar 2400m45s -
Shortest Annular Solar Eclipse 0368 Apr 0400m10s -
Longest Total Solar Eclipse 1035 May 1006m00s -
Shortest Total Solar Eclipse 0404 Apr 2500m55s -
Longest Hybrid Solar Eclipse 0386 Apr 1500m23s -
Shortest Hybrid Solar Eclipse 0386 Apr 1500m23s -
Largest Partial Solar Eclipse 1125 Jul 02 - 0.92936
Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse 1287 Oct 08 - 0.01200

Description of the Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 93

The catalog below lists concise details and local circumstances at greatest eclipse[5] for every solar eclipse in Saros 93. A description or explanation of each parameter listed in the catalog can be found in Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.

Several fields in the catalog link to web pages or files containing additional information for each eclipse (for the years -1999 through +3000). The following gives a brief explanation of each link.


For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, see Animation of Saros 93.



Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 93

                         TD of
 Seq. Rel.   Calendar   Greatest          Luna  Ecl.           Ecl.                Sun Path  Central
 Num. Num.     Date      Eclipse     ΔT   Num.  Type  Gamma    Mag.    Lat   Long  Alt Width   Dur.
                                      s                                 °      °     °    km

04699 -34 -0029 Aug 09  20:27:28  10824 -25088   Pb   1.5170  0.0782  69.7N  64.8E   0             
04746 -33 -0011 Aug 20  03:25:56  10639 -24865   P    1.4557  0.1833  70.6N  53.2W   0             
04791 -32  0007 Aug 31  10:35:56  10457 -24642   P    1.4027  0.2739  71.2N 174.7W   0             
04837 -31  0025 Sep 10  17:55:34  10277 -24419   P    1.3567  0.3525  71.7N  60.9E   0             
04883 -30  0043 Sep 22  01:25:13  10099 -24196   P    1.3181  0.4183  71.9N  66.4W   0             
04927 -29  0061 Oct 02  09:05:28   9922 -23973   P    1.2870  0.4713  71.9N 163.5E   0             
04971 -28  0079 Oct 13  16:55:33   9747 -23750   P    1.2629  0.5123  71.6N  31.2E   0             
05016 -27  0097 Oct 24  00:54:11   9573 -23527   P    1.2450  0.5427  71.0N 103.0W   0             
05060 -26  0115 Nov 04  08:59:23   9401 -23304   P    1.2315  0.5657  70.3N 121.8E   0             
05104 -25  0133 Nov 14  17:11:10   9229 -23081   P    1.2227  0.5809  69.4N  14.4W   0             

05148 -24  0151 Nov 26  01:27:03   9057 -22858   P    1.2161  0.5923  68.3N 151.0W   0             
05190 -23  0169 Dec 06  09:45:08   8886 -22635   P    1.2106  0.6021  67.2N  72.6E   0             
05230 -22  0187 Dec 17  18:03:55   8715 -22412   P    1.2047  0.6124  66.1N  63.5W   0             
05271 -21  0205 Dec 28  02:21:27   8544 -22189   P    1.1971  0.6261  65.1N 161.2E   0             
05312 -20  0224 Jan 08  10:36:12   8373 -21966   P    1.1865  0.6450  64.1N  27.0E   0             
05353 -19  0242 Jan 18  18:46:02   8201 -21743   P    1.1710  0.6727  63.2N 105.6W   0             
05394 -18  0260 Jan 30  02:51:04   8029 -21520   P    1.1508  0.7091  62.4N 123.3E   0             
05435 -17  0278 Feb 09  10:49:47   7856 -21297   P    1.1243  0.7569  61.8N   6.1W   0             
05475 -16  0296 Feb 20  18:40:52   7683 -21074   P    1.0908  0.8177  61.3N 133.4W   0             
05514 -15  0314 Mar 03  02:25:09   7509 -20851   P    1.0507  0.8910  60.9N 101.1E   0             

05554 -14  0332 Mar 13  10:01:57   7333 -20628   A+   1.0036  0.9779  60.7N  22.5W   0             
05594 -13  0350 Mar 24  17:33:04   7158 -20405   A    0.9504  0.9890  57.3N 110.8W  18  124  00m45s
05634 -12  0368 Apr 04  00:56:17   6981 -20182   A    0.8896  0.9977  55.8N 146.6E  27   17  00m10s
05675 -11  0386 Apr 15  08:15:41   6803 -19959   H    0.8246  1.0055  55.3N  42.7E  34   33  00m23s
05716 -10  0404 Apr 25  15:29:35   6625 -19736   T    0.7541  1.0127  55.1N  59.9W  41   66  00m55s
05757 -09  0422 May 06  22:41:20   6447 -19513   T    0.6806  1.0193  54.8N 161.7W  47   89  01m25s
05798 -08  0440 May 17  05:49:32   6268 -19290   T    0.6030  1.0253  53.8N  97.6E  53  107  01m54s
05839 -07  0458 May 28  12:58:30   6090 -19067   T    0.5250  1.0305  52.0N   3.7W  58  121  02m21s
05882 -06  0476 Jun 07  20:06:49   5913 -18844   T    0.4457  1.0350  49.1N 105.6W  63  132  02m48s
05925 -05  0494 Jun 19  03:17:12   5737 -18621   T    0.3672  1.0388  45.2N 150.7E  68  140  03m14s

05969 -04  0512 Jun 29  10:30:12   5560 -18398   T    0.2901  1.0418  40.4N  45.0E  73  146  03m37s
06014 -03  0530 Jul 10  17:48:09   5383 -18175   T    0.2166  1.0440  35.0N  63.4W  77  151  03m57s
06059 -02  0548 Jul 21  01:11:32   5208 -17952   T    0.1468  1.0455  29.0N 174.2W  81  153  04m12s
06105 -01  0566 Aug 01  08:41:01   5034 -17729   T    0.0815  1.0464  22.6N  72.6E  85  155  04m22s
06151  00  0584 Aug 11  16:18:35   4862 -17506   T    0.0224  1.0467  16.1N  43.4W  89  155  04m27s
06196  01  0602 Aug 23  00:04:00   4690 -17283   T   -0.0306  1.0465   9.5N 161.7W  88  155  04m26s
06241  02  0620 Sep 02  07:57:50   4521 -17060   T   -0.0772  1.0459   2.9N  77.6E  86  153  04m21s
06286  03  0638 Sep 13  16:00:38   4352 -16837   Tm  -0.1169  1.0450   3.6S  45.4W  83  151  04m14s
06332  04  0656 Sep 24  00:12:25   4185 -16614   T   -0.1496  1.0441   9.7S 170.5W  81  149  04m05s
06378  05  0674 Oct 05  08:33:20   4020 -16391   T   -0.1750  1.0430  15.5S  62.4E  80  146  03m56s


Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 93

                         TD of
 Seq. Rel.   Calendar   Greatest          Luna  Ecl.           Ecl.                Sun Path  Central
 Num. Num.     Date      Eclipse     ΔT   Num.  Type  Gamma    Mag.    Lat   Long  Alt Width   Dur.
                                      s                                 °      °     °    km

06423  06  0692 Oct 15  17:00:55   3857 -16168   T   -0.1952  1.0421  21.0S  65.9W  79  143  03m48s
06467  07  0710 Oct 27  01:37:19   3696 -15945   T   -0.2087  1.0414  25.7S 164.3E  78  141  03m41s
06510  08  0728 Nov 06  10:18:56   3538 -15722   T   -0.2182  1.0409  29.8S  33.8E  77  140  03m36s
06552  09  0746 Nov 17  19:06:17   3382 -15499   T   -0.2232  1.0409  33.1S  97.3W  77  140  03m33s
06594  10  0764 Nov 28  03:55:17   3228 -15276   T   -0.2270  1.0412  35.4S 131.9E  77  142  03m32s
06635  11  0782 Dec 09  12:47:43   3078 -15053   T   -0.2283  1.0421  36.7S   0.7E  77  145  03m34s
06676  12  0800 Dec 19  21:39:25   2931 -14830   T   -0.2307  1.0434  37.0S 130.0W  76  149  03m38s
06717  13  0818 Dec 31  06:30:18   2787 -14607   T   -0.2339  1.0452  36.3S  99.3E  76  155  03m44s
06757  14  0837 Jan 10  15:17:40   2646 -14384   T   -0.2405  1.0473  34.7S  30.7W  76  162  03m52s
06797  15  0855 Jan 22  00:01:28   2509 -14161   T   -0.2502  1.0499  32.5S 160.3W  75  171  04m01s

06837  16  0873 Feb 01  08:39:14   2377 -13938   T   -0.2652  1.0527  29.9S  71.2E  74  181  04m12s
06877  17  0891 Feb 12  17:10:42   2248 -13715   T   -0.2857  1.0557  27.0S  56.2W  73  191  04m23s
06917  18  0909 Feb 23  01:35:04   2123 -13492   T   -0.3127  1.0587  24.2S 177.8E  72  203  04m36s
06957  19  0927 Mar 06  09:52:27   2003 -13269   T   -0.3456  1.0617  21.6S  53.4E  70  214  04m50s
06999  20  0945 Mar 16  18:00:58   1887 -13046   T   -0.3861  1.0644  19.4S  69.0W  67  227  05m05s
07040  21  0963 Mar 28  02:02:32   1775 -12823   T   -0.4324  1.0668  17.8S 170.3E  64  240  05m20s
07080  22  0981 Apr 07  09:55:46   1669 -12600   T   -0.4857  1.0687  17.1S  51.7E  61  253  05m34s
07122  23  0999 Apr 18  17:43:24   1566 -12377   T   -0.5439  1.0700  17.3S  65.7W  57  268  05m47s
07164  24  1017 Apr 29  01:22:47   1469 -12154   T   -0.6087  1.0706  18.7S 178.9E  52  286  05m56s
07206  25  1035 May 10  08:58:31   1376 -11931   T   -0.6762  1.0703  21.4S  64.1E  47  307  06m00s

07249  26  1053 May 20  16:28:31   1287 -11708   T   -0.7481  1.0690  25.7S  49.6W  41  336  05m55s
07292  27  1071 May 31  23:56:38   1203 -11485   T   -0.8213  1.0667  31.6S 163.5W  35  381  05m38s
07336  28  1089 Jun 11  07:20:55   1124 -11262   T   -0.8972  1.0629  40.1S  82.9E  26  469  05m05s
07382  29  1107 Jun 22  14:45:52   1049 -11039   T   -0.9722  1.0570  53.6S  32.0W  13  834  04m10s
07427  30  1125 Jul 02  22:10:05    978 -10816   P   -1.0469  0.9294  67.4S 151.5W   0             
07472  31  1143 Jul 14  05:36:19    912 -10593   P   -1.1194  0.7889  68.4S  85.4E   0             
07517  32  1161 Jul 24  13:04:53    849 -10370   P   -1.1895  0.6540  69.4S  38.8W   0             
07563  33  1179 Aug 04  20:37:56    791 -10147   P   -1.2552  0.5283  70.2S 164.7W   0             
07608  34  1197 Aug 15  04:16:07    736  -9924   P   -1.3161  0.4129  71.0S  67.6E   0             
07653  35  1215 Aug 26  11:59:14    685  -9701   P   -1.3723  0.3075  71.5S  61.8W   0             

07699  36  1233 Sep 05  19:49:30    637  -9478   P   -1.4219  0.2156  71.9S 166.5E   0             
07744  37  1251 Sep 17  03:45:52    592  -9255   P   -1.4660  0.1351  72.0S  33.1E   0             
07788  38  1269 Sep 27  11:49:53    550  -9032   P   -1.5034  0.0680  71.8S 102.2W   0             
07831  39  1287 Oct 08  20:00:06    511  -8809   Pe  -1.5351  0.0120  71.4S 121.2E   0             


Calendar

The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..


Predictions

The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).

The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:

  1. pre-1950's: ΔT calculated from empirical fits to historical records derived by Morrison and Stephenson (2004)
  2. 1955-present: ΔT obtained from published observations
  3. future: ΔT is extrapolated from current values weighted by the long term trend from tidal effects

A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.


Footnotes

[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.

[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).

[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses .

[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is nearly equal to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.


Acknowledgments

The information presented on this web page is based on data published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 and Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000. The individual global maps appearing in links (both GIF an animation) were extracted from full page plates appearing in Five Millennium Canon by Dan McGlaun. The Besselian elements were provided by Jean Meeus. Fred Espenak assumes full responsibility for the accuracy of all eclipse calculations.

Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:

"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)"


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Saros Series Catalog of Solar Eclipses

Periodicity of Solar Eclipses

Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses

2009 Sep 26