The periodicity and recurrence of solar (and lunar) eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses. Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole.
Solar eclipses of Saros 94 all occur at the Moon’s descending node and the Moon moves northward with each eclipse. The series began with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on -0018 Jul 09. The series ended with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on 1262 Aug 16. The total duration of Saros series 94 is 1280.14 years. In summary:
First Eclipse = -0018 Jul 09 13:12:23 TD
Last Eclipse = 1262 Aug 16 13:38:60 TD
Duration of Saros 94 = 1280.14 Years
Saros 94 is composed of 72 solar eclipses as follows:
| Solar Eclipses of Saros 94 | |||
| Eclipse Type | Symbol | Number | Percent |
| All Eclipses | - | 72 | 100.0% |
| Partial | P | 28 | 38.9% |
| Annular | A | 24 | 33.3% |
| Total | T | 18 | 25.0% |
| Hybrid[3] | H | 2 | 2.8% |
Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 94 appears in the following table.
| Umbral Eclipses of Saros 94 | ||
| Classification | Number | Percent |
| All Umbral Eclipses | 44 | 100.0% |
| Central (two limits) | 44 | 100.0% |
| Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
| Non-Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
The following string illustrates the sequence of the 72 eclipses in Saros 94: 21P 18T 2H 24A 7P
The longest and shortest eclipses of Saros 94 as well as other eclipse extrema are listed below.
Longest Total Solar Eclipse: 0523 May 30 Duration = 05m25s
Shortest Total Solar Eclipse: 0667 Aug 25 Duration = 01m40s
Longest Annular Solar Eclipse: 0920 Jan 24 Duration = 05m12s
Shortest Annular Solar Eclipse: 0721 Sep 26 Duration = 00m07s
Longest Hybrid Solar Eclipse: 0685 Sep 04 Duration = 01m04s
Shortest Hybrid Solar Eclipse: 0703 Sep 15 Duration = 00m29s
Largest Partial Solar Eclipse: 0343 Feb 11 Magnitude = 0.9909
Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse: 1262 Aug 16 Magnitude = 0.0254
Local circumstances at greatest eclipse[4] for every eclipse of Saros 94 are presented in the following catalog. The sequence number in the first column links to a global map showing regions of eclipse visibility. A detailed key and additional information about the catalog can be found at: Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.
For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, see Saros 094 Animation.
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
01 -37 -0018 Jul 09 13:12:23 10630 -24953 Pb -1.4930 0.0727 64.5S 0.7W 0 25
02 -36 0000 Jul 19 20:44:11 10446 -24730 P -1.4254 0.2024 63.6S 124.1W 0 34
03 -35 0018 Jul 31 04:23:15 10264 -24507 P -1.3632 0.3220 62.8S 110.9E 0 44
04 -34 0036 Aug 10 12:08:25 10083 -24284 P -1.3057 0.4325 62.2S 15.3W 0 53
05 -33 0054 Aug 21 20:02:32 9904 -24061 P -1.2550 0.5296 61.6S 143.6W 0 62
06 -32 0072 Sep 01 04:03:21 9726 -23838 P -1.2096 0.6162 61.2S 86.6E 0 71
07 -31 0090 Sep 12 12:14:01 9549 -23615 P -1.1718 0.6879 60.9S 45.5W 0 80
08 -30 0108 Sep 22 20:32:21 9373 -23392 P -1.1403 0.7476 60.8S 179.5W 0 89
09 -29 0126 Oct 04 04:59:04 9198 -23169 P -1.1156 0.7938 60.8S 44.4E 0 98
10 -28 0144 Oct 14 13:32:59 9024 -22946 P -1.0968 0.8287 61.1S 93.5W 0 107
11 -27 0162 Oct 25 22:13:52 8851 -22723 P -1.0839 0.8525 61.5S 126.8E 0 116
12 -26 0180 Nov 05 07:00:07 8679 -22500 P -1.0755 0.8678 62.0S 14.4W 0 126
13 -25 0198 Nov 16 15:49:37 8507 -22277 P -1.0699 0.8779 62.7S 156.6W 0 135
14 -24 0216 Nov 27 00:42:30 8336 -22054 P -1.0674 0.8823 63.6S 60.1E 0 145
15 -23 0234 Dec 08 09:36:15 8166 -21831 P -1.0662 0.8843 64.5S 83.6W 0 155
16 -22 0252 Dec 18 18:29:19 7996 -21608 P -1.0645 0.8874 65.5S 132.4E 0 165
17 -21 0270 Dec 30 03:19:31 7826 -21385 P -1.0610 0.8943 66.6S 11.3W 0 176
18 -20 0289 Jan 09 12:06:27 7656 -21162 P -1.0551 0.9057 67.7S 154.7W 0 187
19 -19 0307 Jan 20 20:48:20 7487 -20939 P -1.0455 0.9243 68.7S 62.6E 0 199
20 -18 0325 Jan 31 05:23:25 7317 -20716 P -1.0308 0.9526 69.7S 79.0W 0 211
21 -17 0343 Feb 11 13:51:49 7148 -20493 P -1.0110 0.9909 70.5S 140.5E 0 224
22 -16 0361 Feb 21 22:12:14 6979 -20270 T -0.9850 1.0395 74.3S 27.0W 9 264 853 02m07s
23 -15 0379 Mar 05 06:24:24 6809 -20047 T -0.9524 1.0438 69.7S 170.6E 17 301 491 02m35s
24 -14 0397 Mar 15 14:27:52 6639 -19824 T -0.9131 1.0473 62.1S 30.1E 24 319 388 03m02s
25 -13 0415 Mar 26 22:23:20 6468 -19601 T -0.8676 1.0503 53.7S 100.7W 29 329 334 03m31s
26 -12 0433 Apr 06 06:11:16 6298 -19378 T -0.8163 1.0527 45.3S 133.8E 35 336 300 03m59s
27 -11 0451 Apr 17 13:50:39 6126 -19155 T -0.7582 1.0545 36.8S 12.1E 40 341 274 04m27s
28 -10 0469 Apr 27 21:24:18 5954 -18932 T -0.6958 1.0555 28.7S 106.8W 46 345 254 04m52s
29 -09 0487 May 09 04:51:29 5782 -18709 T -0.6283 1.0559 20.9S 136.8E 51 349 236 05m11s
30 -08 0505 May 19 12:15:05 5608 -18486 T -0.5585 1.0553 13.7S 22.0E 56 353 220 05m23s
31 -07 0523 May 30 19:33:08 5434 -18263 T -0.4847 1.0541 6.9S 90.5W 61 357 204 05m25s
32 -06 0541 Jun 10 02:50:29 5258 -18040 T -0.4108 1.0519 1.0S 157.8E 66 1 188 05m17s
33 -05 0559 Jun 21 10:05:31 5080 -17817 T -0.3354 1.0490 4.1N 47.5E 70 5 173 04m59s
34 -04 0577 Jul 01 17:21:52 4900 -17594 T -0.2618 1.0453 8.3N 62.5W 75 10 156 04m33s
35 -03 0595 Jul 13 00:38:24 4721 -17371 T -0.1891 1.0409 11.4N 172.0W 79 14 139 04m02s
36 -02 0613 Jul 23 07:59:27 4568 -17148 T -0.1207 1.0358 13.4N 77.9E 83 18 121 03m28s
37 -01 0631 Aug 03 15:23:41 4425 -16925 Tm -0.0557 1.0303 14.3N 32.8W 87 22 102 02m52s
38 00 0649 Aug 13 22:52:54 4281 -16702 T 0.0045 1.0243 14.2N 144.6W 90 199 83 02m16s
39 01 0667 Aug 25 06:27:37 4102 -16479 T 0.0594 1.0180 13.3N 101.8E 87 207 62 01m40s
40 02 0685 Sep 04 14:09:25 3922 -16256 H 0.1074 1.0116 11.6N 13.7W 84 209 40 01m04s
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
41 03 0703 Sep 15 21:57:57 3750 -16033 H 0.1492 1.0052 9.4N 131.2W 81 209 18 00m29s
42 04 0721 Sep 26 05:53:18 3606 -15810 A 0.1845 0.9988 6.8N 109.5E 79 209 4 00m07s
43 05 0739 Oct 07 13:55:43 3463 -15587 A 0.2131 0.9926 4.1N 11.8W 78 208 26 00m43s
44 06 0757 Oct 17 22:05:15 3319 -15364 A 0.2349 0.9868 1.3N 135.0W 76 206 48 01m20s
45 07 0775 Oct 29 06:19:41 3175 -15141 A 0.2517 0.9814 1.3S 100.6E 75 204 68 01m57s
46 08 0793 Nov 08 14:39:47 3032 -14918 A 0.2631 0.9765 3.7S 25.3W 75 200 87 02m34s
47 09 0811 Nov 19 23:02:52 2888 -14695 A 0.2710 0.9722 5.6S 151.8W 74 196 103 03m10s
48 10 0829 Nov 30 07:29:09 2744 -14472 A 0.2757 0.9685 6.9S 81.0E 74 192 118 03m43s
49 11 0847 Dec 11 15:54:14 2601 -14249 A 0.2806 0.9654 7.4S 45.9W 74 188 130 04m13s
50 12 0865 Dec 22 00:20:03 2457 -14026 A 0.2840 0.9629 7.1S 172.9W 74 183 140 04m37s
51 13 0884 Jan 02 08:42:03 2313 -13803 A 0.2896 0.9610 5.8S 60.9E 73 179 148 04m55s
52 14 0902 Jan 12 17:00:22 2173 -13580 A 0.2978 0.9597 3.6S 64.5W 73 175 153 05m06s
53 15 0920 Jan 24 01:11:14 2066 -13357 A 0.3115 0.9587 0.3S 171.7E 72 171 158 05m12s
54 16 0938 Feb 03 09:16:04 1958 -13134 A 0.3294 0.9583 3.8N 49.1E 71 168 160 05m11s
55 17 0956 Feb 14 17:11:45 1850 -12911 A 0.3540 0.9580 8.8N 71.7W 69 165 163 05m06s
56 18 0974 Feb 25 00:57:51 1743 -12688 A 0.3857 0.9580 14.6N 169.6E 67 163 165 04m58s
57 19 0992 Mar 07 08:33:56 1635 -12465 A 0.4248 0.9580 21.0N 53.0E 65 161 168 04m48s
58 20 1010 Mar 18 16:00:00 1537 -12242 A 0.4716 0.9581 28.1N 61.3W 62 160 172 04m36s
59 21 1028 Mar 28 23:15:25 1448 -12019 A 0.5262 0.9579 35.8N 173.1W 58 159 179 04m24s
60 22 1046 Apr 09 06:20:59 1358 -11796 A 0.5880 0.9576 44.0N 77.4E 54 158 190 04m11s
61 23 1064 Apr 19 13:17:27 1268 -11573 A 0.6564 0.9568 52.8N 29.9W 49 157 208 03m58s
62 24 1082 Apr 30 20:06:15 1179 -11350 A 0.7301 0.9556 62.1N 135.5W 43 157 238 03m46s
63 25 1100 May 11 02:46:35 1089 -11127 A 0.8100 0.9537 72.4N 119.9E 36 155 291 03m36s
64 26 1118 May 22 09:22:22 1017 -10904 A 0.8927 0.9508 83.9N 5.6E 26 141 406 03m27s
65 27 1136 Jun 01 15:52:58 946 -10681 A 0.9790 0.9459 78.0N 124.6E 11 360 1063 03m18s
66 28 1154 Jun 12 22:21:53 878 -10458 P 1.0656 0.8530 66.1N 16.7E 0 350
67 29 1172 Jun 23 04:47:38 825 -10235 P 1.1539 0.7004 65.1N 90.0W 0 340
68 30 1190 Jul 04 11:15:38 771 -10012 P 1.2397 0.5528 64.2N 163.0E 0 331
69 31 1208 Jul 14 17:44:19 717 -9789 P 1.3243 0.4078 63.3N 56.2E 0 321
70 32 1226 Jul 26 00:17:26 663 -9566 P 1.4044 0.2713 62.6N 51.5W 0 312
71 33 1244 Aug 05 06:54:20 610 -9343 P 1.4807 0.1421 62.0N 160.0W 0 303
72 34 1262 Aug 16 13:39:00 561 -9120 Pe 1.5501 0.0254 61.5N 89.8E 0 295
[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.
[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).
[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses .
[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to the Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is virtually identical to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.
The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..
The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).
The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:
A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.
Special thanks to Dan McGlaun for extracting the individual eclipse maps from the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 for use in this catalog and for preparing the Saros series animations from these maps.
The Besselian elements used in the predictions were kindly provided by Jean Meeus. All eclipse calculations are by Fred Espenak, and he assumes full responsibility for their accuracy. Some of the information presented on this web site is based on data originally published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000
Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:
"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)"
