The periodicity and recurrence of solar (and lunar) eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses. Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole.
Solar eclipses of Saros 98 all occur at the Moon’s descending node and the Moon moves northward with each eclipse. The series began with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on 0188 Jun 12. The series ended with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on 1450 Jul 09. The total duration of Saros series 98 is 1262.11 years. In summary:
First Eclipse = 0188 Jun 12 15:45:40 TD
Last Eclipse = 1450 Jul 09 06:51:32 TD
Duration of Saros 98 = 1262.11 Years
Saros 98 is composed of 71 solar eclipses as follows:
| Solar Eclipses of Saros 98 | |||
| Eclipse Type | Symbol | Number | Percent |
| All Eclipses | - | 71 | 100.0% |
| Partial | P | 17 | 23.9% |
| Annular | A | 54 | 76.1% |
| Total | T | 0 | 0.0% |
| Hybrid[3] | H | 0 | 0.0% |
Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 98 appears in the following table.
| Umbral Eclipses of Saros 98 | ||
| Classification | Number | Percent |
| All Umbral Eclipses | 54 | 100.0% |
| Central (two limits) | 52 | 96.3% |
| Central (one limit) | 1 | 1.9% |
| Non-Central (one limit) | 1 | 1.9% |
The following string illustrates the sequence of the 71 eclipses in Saros 98: 9P 54A 8P
The longest and shortest eclipses of Saros 98 as well as other eclipse extrema are listed below.
Longest Annular Solar Eclipse: 1071 Nov 24 Duration = 07m51s
Shortest Annular Solar Eclipse: 1306 Apr 13 Duration = 00m47s
Largest Partial Solar Eclipse: 1324 Apr 24 Magnitude = 0.9272
Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse: 0188 Jun 12 Magnitude = 0.0272
Local circumstances at greatest eclipse[4] for every eclipse of Saros 98 are presented in the following catalog. The sequence number in the first column links to a global map showing regions of eclipse visibility. A detailed key and additional information about the catalog can be found at: Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.
For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, see Saros 098 Animation.
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
01 -35 0188 Jun 12 15:45:40 8606 -22406 Pb -1.5291 0.0272 66.7S 24.2W 0 2
02 -34 0206 Jun 23 22:44:50 8435 -22183 P -1.4594 0.1560 65.7S 140.2W 0 12
03 -33 0224 Jul 04 05:42:31 8264 -21960 P -1.3891 0.2851 64.8S 104.5E 0 22
04 -32 0242 Jul 15 12:43:49 8094 -21737 P -1.3222 0.4067 63.9S 11.3W 0 32
05 -31 0260 Jul 25 19:47:10 7924 -21514 P -1.2572 0.5236 63.1S 127.3W 0 41
06 -30 0278 Aug 06 02:55:27 7754 -21291 P -1.1970 0.6308 62.3S 115.7E 0 50
07 -29 0296 Aug 16 10:08:36 7585 -21068 P -1.1412 0.7288 61.7S 2.3W 0 59
08 -28 0314 Aug 27 17:29:13 7415 -20845 P -1.0922 0.8136 61.3S 122.1W 0 68
09 -27 0332 Sep 07 00:56:45 7246 -20622 P -1.0491 0.8869 60.9S 116.6E 0 77
10 -26 0350 Sep 18 08:30:51 7077 -20399 A- -1.0119 0.9493 60.8S 6.3W 0 86 - -
11 -25 0368 Sep 28 16:13:03 6907 -20176 As -0.9818 0.9459 60.2S 110.6W 10 77 - 03m47s
12 -24 0386 Oct 10 00:02:21 6737 -19953 A -0.9583 0.9422 60.9S 135.5E 16 75 751 04m06s
13 -23 0404 Oct 20 07:58:52 6567 -19730 A -0.9410 0.9382 63.1S 15.5E 19 76 678 04m23s
14 -22 0422 Oct 31 16:00:07 6397 -19507 A -0.9282 0.9344 66.1S 107.2W 21 78 659 04m37s
15 -21 0440 Nov 11 00:07:01 6225 -19284 A -0.9205 0.9309 69.7S 127.5E 23 81 665 04m49s
16 -20 0458 Nov 22 08:16:28 6054 -19061 A -0.9155 0.9280 73.8S 1.1E 23 84 679 05m00s
17 -19 0476 Dec 02 16:27:33 5882 -18838 A -0.9125 0.9256 78.0S 125.6W 24 87 694 05m09s
18 -18 0494 Dec 14 00:37:53 5708 -18615 A -0.9095 0.9239 82.5S 110.6E 24 87 703 05m17s
19 -17 0512 Dec 24 08:46:57 5535 -18392 A -0.9062 0.9228 86.7S 2.1E 25 72 702 05m24s
20 -16 0531 Jan 04 16:51:18 5360 -18169 A -0.8996 0.9225 86.9S 25.2W 25 337 682 05m32s
21 -15 0549 Jan 15 00:50:28 5184 -17946 A -0.8891 0.9228 82.1S 127.8W 27 318 646 05m40s
22 -14 0567 Jan 26 08:42:29 5004 -17723 A -0.8734 0.9238 76.4S 112.1E 29 318 596 05m50s
23 -13 0585 Feb 05 16:27:40 4825 -17500 A -0.8529 0.9253 70.2S 9.0W 31 321 541 06m01s
24 -12 0603 Feb 17 00:02:03 4651 -17277 A -0.8236 0.9274 63.4S 128.5W 34 325 481 06m13s
25 -11 0621 Feb 27 07:28:15 4508 -17054 A -0.7879 0.9297 56.1S 114.2E 38 329 426 06m27s
26 -10 0639 Mar 10 14:43:34 4364 -16831 A -0.7434 0.9323 48.3S 0.2W 42 333 375 06m42s
27 -09 0657 Mar 20 21:51:04 4206 -16608 A -0.6929 0.9350 40.4S 112.3W 46 336 332 06m56s
28 -08 0675 Apr 01 04:46:39 4026 -16385 A -0.6326 0.9377 32.1S 138.7E 51 340 296 07m10s
29 -07 0693 Apr 11 11:36:01 3847 -16162 A -0.5674 0.9403 23.9S 31.7E 55 343 266 07m21s
30 -06 0711 Apr 22 18:15:28 3690 -15939 A -0.4937 0.9427 15.6S 72.2W 60 346 242 07m29s
31 -05 0729 May 03 00:49:47 3546 -15716 A -0.4160 0.9448 7.7S 174.2W 65 349 223 07m31s
32 -04 0747 May 14 07:16:41 3402 -15493 A -0.3320 0.9466 0.1N 86.2E 71 352 208 07m27s
33 -03 0765 May 24 13:41:46 3259 -15270 A -0.2465 0.9480 7.3N 12.1W 76 356 197 07m17s
34 -02 0783 Jun 04 20:03:18 3115 -15047 A -0.1578 0.9489 13.9N 108.8W 81 360 190 07m01s
35 -01 0801 Jun 15 02:24:30 2971 -14824 A -0.0686 0.9495 19.8N 155.5E 86 4 186 06m41s
36 00 0819 Jun 26 08:46:33 2827 -14601 Am 0.0201 0.9495 24.7N 60.5E 89 188 185 06m22s
37 01 0837 Jul 06 15:11:47 2684 -14378 A 0.1066 0.9491 28.5N 34.5W 84 194 188 06m05s
38 02 0855 Jul 17 21:41:01 2540 -14155 A 0.1899 0.9484 31.2N 129.8W 79 199 193 05m52s
39 03 0873 Jul 28 04:15:40 2396 -13932 A 0.2692 0.9473 32.8N 133.7E 74 204 201 05m44s
40 04 0891 Aug 08 10:57:55 2253 -13709 A 0.3427 0.9458 33.4N 35.4E 70 208 211 05m42s
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
41 05 0909 Aug 18 17:48:28 2128 -13486 A 0.4100 0.9442 33.1N 65.3W 66 211 224 05m44s
42 06 0927 Aug 30 00:47:33 2020 -13263 A 0.4706 0.9425 32.2N 168.7W 62 213 238 05m51s
43 07 0945 Sep 09 07:56:57 1913 -13040 A 0.5232 0.9407 30.8N 84.7E 58 214 253 06m03s
44 08 0963 Sep 20 15:16:29 1805 -12817 A 0.5678 0.9391 29.1N 25.2W 55 214 269 06m18s
45 09 0981 Sep 30 22:46:30 1697 -12594 A 0.6044 0.9376 27.4N 138.3W 53 212 284 06m35s
46 10 0999 Oct 12 06:24:46 1590 -12371 A 0.6349 0.9364 25.7N 105.9E 50 210 299 06m55s
47 11 1017 Oct 22 14:13:22 1500 -12148 A 0.6573 0.9356 24.1N 12.9W 49 207 311 07m14s
48 12 1035 Nov 02 22:09:33 1410 -11925 A 0.6737 0.9352 22.7N 134.0W 47 203 320 07m32s
49 13 1053 Nov 13 06:13:19 1320 -11702 A 0.6846 0.9355 21.6N 102.8E 47 199 324 07m44s
50 14 1071 Nov 24 14:21:36 1230 -11479 A 0.6922 0.9362 20.8N 21.7W 46 195 325 07m51s
51 15 1089 Dec 04 22:34:53 1141 -11256 A 0.6963 0.9378 20.5N 147.5W 46 190 321 07m48s
52 16 1107 Dec 16 06:49:58 1059 -11033 A 0.6995 0.9398 20.8N 86.1E 45 185 312 07m35s
53 17 1125 Dec 26 15:05:32 987 -10810 A 0.7027 0.9426 21.8N 40.3W 45 181 298 07m10s
54 18 1144 Jan 06 23:19:57 915 -10587 A 0.7075 0.9459 23.5N 166.6W 45 176 282 06m36s
55 19 1162 Jan 17 07:31:48 856 -10364 A 0.7150 0.9499 26.1N 67.7E 44 172 262 05m54s
56 20 1180 Jan 28 15:39:21 802 -10141 A 0.7267 0.9542 29.5N 57.2W 43 167 242 05m08s
57 21 1198 Feb 07 23:41:19 748 -9918 A 0.7437 0.9590 33.9N 179.0E 42 163 221 04m20s
58 22 1216 Feb 19 07:37:26 695 -9695 A 0.7663 0.9641 39.1N 56.1E 40 159 200 03m33s
59 23 1234 Mar 01 15:27:01 641 -9472 A 0.7947 0.9693 45.2N 65.9W 37 155 180 02m49s
60 24 1252 Mar 11 23:08:36 588 -9249 A 0.8306 0.9745 52.2N 172.8E 34 150 163 02m09s
61 25 1270 Mar 23 06:43:33 541 -9026 A 0.8726 0.9795 60.0N 50.7E 29 143 149 01m35s
62 26 1288 Apr 02 14:11:28 495 -8803 A 0.9211 0.9840 68.5N 76.5W 22 130 147 01m07s
63 27 1306 Apr 13 21:34:09 453 -8580 A 0.9745 0.9872 75.5N 130.5E 12 89 214 00m47s
64 28 1324 Apr 24 04:49:54 421 -8357 P 1.0343 0.9272 70.3N 31.8W 0 38
65 29 1342 May 05 12:02:39 389 -8134 P 1.0972 0.8150 69.4N 152.4W 0 26
66 30 1360 May 15 19:11:02 359 -7911 P 1.1647 0.6932 68.5N 88.7E 0 15
67 31 1378 May 27 02:18:09 330 -7688 P 1.2336 0.5674 67.5N 29.4W 0 4
68 32 1396 Jun 06 09:23:32 302 -7465 P 1.3046 0.4365 66.5N 146.5W 0 354
69 33 1414 Jun 17 16:30:43 276 -7242 P 1.3749 0.3061 65.5N 96.3E 0 344
70 34 1432 Jun 27 23:39:43 251 -7019 P 1.4445 0.1760 64.6N 21.0W 0 334
71 35 1450 Jul 09 06:51:32 226 -6796 Pe 1.5125 0.0484 63.8N 138.6W 0 325
[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.
[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).
[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses .
[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to the Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is virtually identical to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.
The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..
The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).
The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:
A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.
Special thanks to Dan McGlaun for extracting the individual eclipse maps from the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 for use in this catalog and for preparing the Saros series animations from these maps.
The Besselian elements used in the predictions were kindly provided by Jean Meeus. All eclipse calculations are by Fred Espenak, and he assumes full responsibility for their accuracy. Some of the information presented on this web site is based on data originally published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000
Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:
"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)"
