The periodicity and recurrence of solar (and lunar) eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses. Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole.
Solar eclipses of Saros 99 all occur at the Moon’s ascending node and the Moon moves southward with each eclipse. The series began with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on 0235 Jun 03. The series ended with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on 1515 Jul 11. The total duration of Saros series 99 is 1280.14 years. In summary:
First Eclipse = 0235 Jun 03 07:49:57 TD
Last Eclipse = 1515 Jul 11 13:36:52 TD
Duration of Saros 99 = 1280.14 Years
Saros 99 is composed of 72 solar eclipses as follows:
| Solar Eclipses of Saros 99 | |||
| Eclipse Type | Symbol | Number | Percent |
| All Eclipses | - | 72 | 100.0% |
| Partial | P | 15 | 20.8% |
| Annular | A | 18 | 25.0% |
| Total | T | 37 | 51.4% |
| Hybrid[3] | H | 2 | 2.8% |
Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 99 appears in the following table.
| Umbral Eclipses of Saros 99 | ||
| Classification | Number | Percent |
| All Umbral Eclipses | 57 | 100.0% |
| Central (two limits) | 56 | 98.2% |
| Central (one limit) | 1 | 1.8% |
| Non-Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
The following string illustrates the sequence of the 72 eclipses in Saros 99: 7P 18A 2H 37T 8P
The longest and shortest eclipses of Saros 99 as well as other eclipse extrema are listed below.
Longest Total Solar Eclipse: 0920 Jul 18 Duration = 05m59s
Shortest Total Solar Eclipse: 0722 Mar 21 Duration = 01m23s
Longest Annular Solar Eclipse: 0505 Nov 11 Duration = 04m39s
Shortest Annular Solar Eclipse: 0668 Feb 18 Duration = 00m23s
Longest Hybrid Solar Eclipse: 0704 Mar 10 Duration = 00m49s
Shortest Hybrid Solar Eclipse: 0686 Feb 28 Duration = 00m14s
Largest Partial Solar Eclipse: 1389 Apr 26 Magnitude = 0.9944
Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse: 1515 Jul 11 Magnitude = 0.0153
Local circumstances at greatest eclipse[4] for every eclipse of Saros 99 are presented in the following catalog. The sequence number in the first column links to a global map showing regions of eclipse visibility. A detailed key and additional information about the catalog can be found at: Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.
For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, see Saros 099 Animation.
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
01 -35 0235 Jun 03 07:49:57 8161 -21825 Pb 1.5417 0.0318 64.0N 52.0W 0 30
02 -34 0253 Jun 13 14:16:07 7991 -21602 P 1.4545 0.1817 64.9N 159.0W 0 21
03 -33 0271 Jun 24 20:44:32 7821 -21379 P 1.3681 0.3308 65.9N 93.2E 0 11
04 -32 0289 Jul 05 03:18:00 7652 -21156 P 1.2845 0.4754 66.9N 16.4W 0 1
05 -31 0307 Jul 16 09:55:38 7482 -20933 P 1.2031 0.6164 67.9N 127.4W 0 350
06 -30 0325 Jul 26 16:41:44 7313 -20710 P 1.1276 0.7472 68.9N 118.9E 0 339
07 -29 0343 Aug 06 23:35:10 7143 -20487 P 1.0571 0.8695 69.8N 2.8E 0 328
08 -28 0361 Aug 17 06:38:48 6974 -20264 An 0.9936 0.9481 73.8N 128.3W 5 304 - 03m12s
09 -27 0379 Aug 28 13:51:24 6804 -20041 A 0.9364 0.9517 71.7N 55.0E 20 239 511 03m28s
10 -26 0397 Sep 07 21:15:23 6634 -19818 A 0.8876 0.9531 63.2N 76.3W 27 221 372 03m43s
11 -25 0415 Sep 19 04:49:16 6464 -19595 A 0.8460 0.9539 55.3N 160.1E 32 212 314 03m58s
12 -24 0433 Sep 29 12:33:08 6293 -19372 A 0.8118 0.9546 48.3N 37.3E 35 207 281 04m11s
13 -23 0451 Oct 10 20:27:02 6122 -19149 A 0.7850 0.9551 42.2N 86.5W 38 203 262 04m24s
14 -22 0469 Oct 21 04:30:00 5950 -18926 A 0.7646 0.9559 36.9N 148.3E 40 199 247 04m33s
15 -21 0487 Nov 01 12:41:08 5777 -18703 A 0.7505 0.9568 32.6N 21.5E 41 195 236 04m39s
16 -20 0505 Nov 11 20:57:42 5603 -18480 A 0.7399 0.9582 29.0N 106.3W 42 190 225 04m39s
17 -19 0523 Nov 23 05:20:29 5429 -18257 A 0.7339 0.9601 26.3N 124.5E 43 186 213 04m33s
18 -18 0541 Dec 03 13:45:53 5253 -18034 A 0.7288 0.9625 24.3N 5.1W 43 181 199 04m19s
19 -17 0559 Dec 14 22:13:23 5075 -17811 A 0.7250 0.9655 23.0N 135.2W 43 176 181 03m58s
20 -16 0577 Dec 25 06:39:51 4896 -17588 A 0.7194 0.9691 22.2N 95.1E 44 172 160 03m30s
21 -15 0596 Jan 05 15:05:31 4716 -17365 A 0.7123 0.9733 22.0N 34.4W 44 167 135 02m56s
22 -14 0614 Jan 15 23:27:23 4564 -17142 A 0.7011 0.9782 22.2N 162.6W 45 162 108 02m19s
23 -13 0632 Jan 27 07:45:01 4421 -16919 A 0.6856 0.9836 22.7N 70.5E 47 158 78 01m40s
24 -12 0650 Feb 06 15:56:44 4277 -16696 A 0.6641 0.9896 23.5N 54.6W 48 154 48 01m01s
25 -11 0668 Feb 18 00:02:44 4097 -16473 A 0.6371 0.9959 24.5N 178.0W 50 151 18 00m23s
26 -10 0686 Feb 28 08:00:49 3918 -16250 H 0.6026 1.0026 25.7N 61.0E 53 149 11 00m14s
27 -09 0704 Mar 10 15:52:29 3746 -16027 H 0.5619 1.0093 27.1N 57.9W 56 147 38 00m49s
28 -08 0722 Mar 21 23:36:39 3603 -15804 T 0.5141 1.0162 28.5N 174.1W 59 146 64 01m23s
29 -07 0740 Apr 01 07:15:31 3459 -15581 T 0.4609 1.0229 29.8N 71.5E 62 147 87 01m55s
30 -06 0758 Apr 12 14:46:19 3315 -15358 T 0.4002 1.0295 30.8N 40.3W 66 149 108 02m27s
31 -05 0776 Apr 22 22:13:29 3172 -15135 T 0.3357 1.0356 31.4N 150.6W 70 151 127 02m58s
32 -04 0794 May 04 05:34:59 3028 -14912 T 0.2658 1.0413 31.2N 100.8E 74 155 143 03m30s
33 -03 0812 May 14 12:55:16 2884 -14689 T 0.1939 1.0464 30.3N 7.4W 79 160 157 04m00s
34 -02 0830 May 25 20:11:21 2740 -14466 T 0.1178 1.0508 28.4N 114.7W 83 164 170 04m31s
35 -01 0848 Jun 05 03:29:17 2597 -14243 T 0.0424 1.0545 25.6N 137.1E 87 170 180 04m59s
36 00 0866 Jun 16 10:46:25 2453 -14020 T -0.0341 1.0574 21.8N 28.6E 88 353 189 05m24s
37 01 0884 Jun 26 18:06:43 2309 -13797 Tm -0.1087 1.0596 17.2N 81.6W 84 358 197 05m43s
38 02 0902 Jul 08 01:28:49 2171 -13574 T -0.1825 1.0609 11.7N 167.1E 80 2 203 05m55s
39 03 0920 Jul 18 08:56:43 2063 -13351 T -0.2519 1.0615 5.8N 53.8E 75 6 209 05m59s
40 04 0938 Jul 29 16:29:29 1955 -13128 T -0.3177 1.0614 0.5S 61.4W 71 10 212 05m55s
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
41 05 0956 Aug 09 00:08:26 1847 -12905 T -0.3787 1.0607 7.2S 178.6W 68 13 215 05m43s
42 06 0974 Aug 20 07:54:38 1740 -12682 T -0.4339 1.0594 13.9S 62.0E 64 15 216 05m25s
43 07 0992 Aug 30 15:48:52 1632 -12459 T -0.4826 1.0577 20.7S 59.6W 61 18 216 05m04s
44 08 1010 Sep 10 23:51:11 1535 -12236 T -0.5251 1.0557 27.5S 176.8E 58 20 215 04m42s
45 09 1028 Sep 21 08:01:19 1445 -12013 T -0.5611 1.0535 34.0S 51.4E 56 22 212 04m19s
46 10 1046 Oct 02 16:19:55 1356 -11790 T -0.5904 1.0512 40.3S 75.6W 54 23 209 03m58s
47 11 1064 Oct 13 00:46:25 1266 -11567 T -0.6133 1.0490 46.2S 156.1E 52 23 205 03m40s
48 12 1082 Oct 24 09:19:34 1176 -11344 T -0.6308 1.0470 51.7S 27.4E 51 21 201 03m24s
49 13 1100 Nov 03 17:59:41 1087 -11121 T -0.6430 1.0453 56.5S 101.5W 50 18 197 03m11s
50 14 1118 Nov 15 02:45:13 1015 -10898 T -0.6511 1.0439 60.4S 130.6E 49 13 194 03m01s
51 15 1136 Nov 25 11:35:06 944 -10675 T -0.6557 1.0430 63.3S 4.0E 49 6 191 02m54s
52 16 1154 Dec 06 20:26:36 877 -10452 T -0.6593 1.0425 64.8S 121.0W 48 356 190 02m50s
53 17 1172 Dec 17 05:20:06 823 -10229 T -0.6615 1.0426 64.6S 114.3E 48 345 190 02m49s
54 18 1190 Dec 28 14:12:58 769 -10006 T -0.6648 1.0430 63.1S 11.1W 48 336 193 02m50s
55 19 1209 Jan 07 23:03:30 716 -9783 T -0.6701 1.0439 60.6S 137.9W 48 328 197 02m54s
56 20 1227 Jan 19 07:50:13 662 -9560 T -0.6788 1.0450 57.4S 94.3E 47 323 204 02m59s
57 21 1245 Jan 29 16:32:07 608 -9337 T -0.6916 1.0465 54.0S 33.8W 46 320 213 03m05s
58 22 1263 Feb 10 01:08:09 560 -9114 T -0.7093 1.0480 50.7S 161.6W 45 318 224 03m13s
59 23 1281 Feb 20 09:36:20 513 -8891 T -0.7337 1.0496 47.8S 72.0E 43 317 239 03m22s
60 24 1299 Mar 03 17:57:31 467 -8668 T -0.7639 1.0510 45.5S 53.0W 40 317 257 03m30s
61 25 1317 Mar 14 02:10:14 434 -8445 T -0.8008 1.0522 44.2S 176.0W 37 317 283 03m37s
62 26 1335 Mar 25 10:14:54 402 -8222 T -0.8444 1.0528 44.2S 63.2E 32 318 319 03m42s
63 27 1353 Apr 04 18:11:06 370 -7999 T -0.8949 1.0527 46.0S 54.7W 26 319 383 03m41s
64 28 1371 Apr 16 02:00:13 342 -7776 T -0.9508 1.0512 50.7S 169.0W 18 319 545 03m30s
65 29 1389 Apr 26 09:42:22 313 -7553 P -1.0124 0.9944 62.2S 91.4E 0 307
66 30 1407 May 07 17:17:22 286 -7330 P -1.0794 0.8660 62.9S 31.6W 0 316
67 31 1425 May 18 00:47:36 261 -7107 P -1.1498 0.7309 63.7S 153.6W 0 325
68 32 1443 May 29 08:13:09 236 -6884 P -1.2234 0.5897 64.6S 85.2E 0 334
69 33 1461 Jun 08 15:36:19 215 -6661 P -1.2986 0.4459 65.5S 35.6W 0 344
70 34 1479 Jun 19 22:56:07 198 -6438 P -1.3756 0.2991 66.5S 156.0W 0 354
71 35 1497 Jun 30 06:16:37 180 -6215 P -1.4514 0.1556 67.5S 83.1E 0 4
72 36 1515 Jul 11 13:36:52 165 -5992 Pe -1.5262 0.0153 68.5S 38.3W 0 15
[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.
[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).
[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses .
[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to the Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is virtually identical to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.
The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..
The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).
The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:
A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.
Special thanks to Dan McGlaun for extracting the individual eclipse maps from the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 for use in this catalog and for preparing the Saros series animations from these maps.
The Besselian elements used in the predictions were kindly provided by Jean Meeus. All eclipse calculations are by Fred Espenak, and he assumes full responsibility for their accuracy. Some of the information presented on this web site is based on data originally published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000
Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:
"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)"
