The periodicity and recurrence of solar (and lunar) eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses. Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole.
Solar eclipses of Saros 102 all occur at the Moon’s descending node and the Moon moves northward with each eclipse. The series began with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on 0376 May 05. The series ended with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on 1638 Jun 12. The total duration of Saros series 102 is 1262.11 years. In summary:
First Eclipse = 0376 May 05 05:09:34 TD
Last Eclipse = 1638 Jun 12 03:55:44 TD
Duration of Saros 102 = 1262.11 Years
Saros 102 is composed of 71 solar eclipses as follows:
| Solar Eclipses of Saros 102 | |||
| Eclipse Type | Symbol | Number | Percent |
| All Eclipses | - | 71 | 100.0% |
| Partial | P | 15 | 21.1% |
| Annular | A | 19 | 26.8% |
| Total | T | 34 | 47.9% |
| Hybrid[3] | H | 3 | 4.2% |
Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 102 appears in the following table.
| Umbral Eclipses of Saros 102 | ||
| Classification | Number | Percent |
| All Umbral Eclipses | 56 | 100.0% |
| Central (two limits) | 55 | 98.2% |
| Central (one limit) | 1 | 1.8% |
| Non-Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
The following string illustrates the sequence of the 71 eclipses in Saros 102: 7P 19A 3H 34T 8P
The longest and shortest eclipses of Saros 102 as well as other eclipse extrema are listed below.
Longest Total Solar Eclipse: 1043 Jun 09 Duration = 05m25s
Shortest Total Solar Eclipse: 1494 Mar 07 Duration = 02m06s
Longest Annular Solar Eclipse: 0502 Jul 20 Duration = 03m52s
Shortest Annular Solar Eclipse: 0827 Jan 31 Duration = 00m09s
Longest Hybrid Solar Eclipse: 0881 Mar 04 Duration = 01m35s
Shortest Hybrid Solar Eclipse: 0845 Feb 10 Duration = 00m22s
Largest Partial Solar Eclipse: 1512 Mar 17 Magnitude = 0.9516
Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse: 0376 May 05 Magnitude = 0.0487
Local circumstances at greatest eclipse[4] for every eclipse of Saros 102 are presented in the following catalog. The sequence number in the first column links to a global map showing regions of eclipse visibility. A detailed key and additional information about the catalog can be found at: Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.
For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, see Saros 102 Animation.
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
01 -34 0376 May 05 05:09:34 6835 -20082 Pb -1.5322 0.0487 69.9S 165.9E 0 325
02 -33 0394 May 16 11:41:58 6666 -19859 P -1.4503 0.1889 69.1S 54.9E 0 337
03 -32 0412 May 26 18:11:23 6495 -19636 P -1.3644 0.3368 68.1S 54.8W 0 348
04 -31 0430 Jun 07 00:41:34 6324 -19413 P -1.2780 0.4865 67.1S 164.1W 0 359
05 -30 0448 Jun 17 07:12:15 6153 -19190 P -1.1908 0.6385 66.1S 86.9E 0 9
06 -29 0466 Jun 28 13:47:21 5981 -18967 P -1.1058 0.7870 65.1S 22.8W 0 19
07 -28 0484 Jul 08 20:26:40 5809 -18744 P -1.0229 0.9321 64.1S 133.2W 0 29
08 -27 0502 Jul 20 03:11:36 5635 -18521 A -0.9434 0.9595 46.9S 132.4E 19 24 442 03m52s
09 -26 0520 Jul 30 10:04:27 5461 -18298 A -0.8693 0.9626 38.3S 29.4E 29 25 268 03m45s
10 -25 0538 Aug 10 17:05:14 5286 -18075 A -0.8005 0.9646 33.5S 76.4W 37 28 208 03m35s
11 -24 0556 Aug 21 00:15:45 5108 -17852 A -0.7387 0.9659 31.0S 175.2E 42 30 177 03m24s
12 -23 0574 Sep 01 07:35:04 4929 -17629 A -0.6831 0.9668 30.1S 64.6E 47 32 160 03m15s
13 -22 0592 Sep 11 15:06:02 4749 -17406 A -0.6360 0.9673 30.6S 48.9W 50 34 149 03m07s
14 -21 0610 Sep 22 22:46:30 4591 -17183 A -0.5956 0.9678 32.2S 164.7W 53 35 142 03m00s
15 -20 0628 Oct 03 06:37:26 4447 -16960 A -0.5632 0.9682 34.6S 77.1E 56 35 136 02m54s
16 -19 0646 Oct 14 14:37:46 4304 -16737 A -0.5375 0.9688 37.6S 43.1W 57 35 132 02m48s
17 -18 0664 Oct 24 22:47:46 4130 -16514 A -0.5193 0.9695 40.9S 165.6W 59 33 127 02m42s
18 -17 0682 Nov 05 07:04:37 3951 -16291 A -0.5056 0.9706 44.3S 71.0E 59 31 122 02m35s
19 -16 0700 Nov 15 15:27:33 3773 -16068 A -0.4962 0.9721 47.4S 53.1W 60 27 115 02m26s
20 -15 0718 Nov 26 23:55:08 3629 -15845 A -0.4900 0.9742 50.1S 177.1W 60 22 106 02m15s
21 -14 0736 Dec 07 08:26:24 3485 -15622 A -0.4866 0.9767 51.9S 58.9E 61 15 95 02m01s
22 -13 0754 Dec 18 16:57:41 3342 -15399 A -0.4824 0.9799 52.5S 64.4W 61 8 82 01m45s
23 -12 0772 Dec 29 01:29:11 3198 -15176 A -0.4778 0.9836 51.9S 172.3E 61 1 66 01m26s
24 -11 0791 Jan 09 09:57:36 3054 -14953 A -0.4700 0.9880 49.8S 49.1E 62 354 48 01m03s
25 -10 0809 Jan 19 18:23:53 2911 -14730 A -0.4598 0.9929 46.6S 74.8W 62 349 28 00m38s
26 -09 0827 Jan 31 02:43:18 2767 -14507 A -0.4435 0.9983 42.3S 161.6E 63 345 7 00m09s
27 -08 0845 Feb 10 10:58:55 2623 -14284 H -0.4232 1.0041 37.2S 37.7E 65 343 16 00m22s
28 -07 0863 Feb 21 19:06:16 2479 -14061 H -0.3954 1.0103 31.3S 85.2W 67 341 39 00m57s
29 -06 0881 Mar 04 03:08:22 2336 -13838 H2 -0.3624 1.0167 25.1S 152.5E 69 341 61 01m35s
30 -05 0899 Mar 15 11:01:39 2192 -13615 T -0.3212 1.0232 18.3S 31.7E 71 341 83 02m14s
31 -04 0917 Mar 25 18:49:52 2083 -13392 T -0.2749 1.0296 11.4S 87.8W 74 342 104 02m53s
32 -03 0935 Apr 06 02:30:30 1975 -13169 T -0.2215 1.0358 4.3S 154.5E 77 344 123 03m32s
33 -02 0953 Apr 16 10:05:48 1867 -12946 T -0.1628 1.0418 2.8N 38.2E 81 345 142 04m07s
34 -01 0971 Apr 27 17:35:25 1760 -12723 T -0.0983 1.0473 9.9N 76.4W 84 348 158 04m38s
35 00 0989 May 08 01:01:52 1652 -12500 T -0.0304 1.0523 16.8N 170.4E 88 350 173 05m01s
36 01 1007 May 19 08:24:59 1551 -12277 Tm 0.0409 1.0566 23.3N 58.7E 88 175 187 05m17s
37 02 1025 May 29 15:46:10 1462 -12054 T 0.1145 1.0602 29.2N 51.6W 83 178 199 05m25s
38 03 1043 Jun 09 23:06:47 1372 -11831 T 0.1893 1.0630 34.5N 160.8W 79 183 211 05m25s
39 04 1061 Jun 20 06:28:17 1282 -11608 T 0.2641 1.0651 38.9N 90.9E 74 189 221 05m20s
40 05 1079 Jul 01 13:51:08 1193 -11385 T 0.3381 1.0663 42.3N 16.8W 70 195 230 05m12s
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
41 06 1097 Jul 11 21:17:18 1103 -11162 T 0.4099 1.0667 44.5N 124.6W 66 201 239 05m01s
42 07 1115 Jul 23 04:47:53 1029 -10939 T 0.4783 1.0663 45.6N 126.8E 61 207 246 04m50s
43 08 1133 Aug 02 12:24:26 957 -10716 T 0.5423 1.0652 45.8N 16.5E 57 212 252 04m38s
44 09 1151 Aug 13 20:06:10 887 -10493 T 0.6024 1.0635 45.2N 95.7W 53 216 258 04m26s
45 10 1169 Aug 24 03:56:00 833 -10270 T 0.6561 1.0612 44.1N 149.3E 49 219 263 04m15s
46 11 1187 Sep 04 11:52:36 779 -10047 T 0.7044 1.0585 42.8N 31.5E 45 220 267 04m05s
47 12 1205 Sep 14 19:58:08 726 -9824 T 0.7458 1.0556 41.4N 89.4W 42 220 270 03m55s
48 13 1223 Sep 26 04:10:29 672 -9601 T 0.7816 1.0525 40.2N 147.0E 38 219 272 03m46s
49 14 1241 Oct 06 12:32:01 618 -9378 T 0.8103 1.0494 39.2N 20.3E 36 216 274 03m38s
50 15 1259 Oct 17 21:00:30 568 -9155 T 0.8334 1.0464 38.4N 108.8W 33 213 274 03m30s
51 16 1277 Oct 28 05:36:04 522 -8932 T 0.8506 1.0438 37.9N 119.6E 31 209 273 03m23s
52 17 1295 Nov 08 14:17:45 475 -8709 T 0.8630 1.0414 37.5N 14.1W 30 204 271 03m17s
53 18 1313 Nov 18 23:04:31 440 -8486 T 0.8712 1.0395 37.4N 149.4W 29 199 268 03m13s
54 19 1331 Nov 30 07:54:51 408 -8263 T 0.8766 1.0380 37.6N 74.1E 28 194 265 03m09s
55 20 1349 Dec 10 16:46:27 375 -8040 T 0.8811 1.0371 38.2N 62.8W 28 188 264 03m06s
56 21 1367 Dec 22 01:39:34 347 -7817 T 0.8842 1.0366 39.2N 159.8E 28 182 265 03m03s
57 22 1386 Jan 01 10:31:27 318 -7594 T 0.8881 1.0366 40.8N 22.5E 27 177 269 03m01s
58 23 1404 Jan 12 19:20:46 290 -7371 T 0.8945 1.0369 43.3N 114.4W 26 171 279 02m58s
59 24 1422 Jan 23 04:05:41 265 -7148 T 0.9044 1.0374 46.6N 109.4E 25 165 296 02m54s
60 25 1440 Feb 03 12:45:48 240 -6925 T 0.9183 1.0380 50.9N 26.6W 23 159 324 02m49s
61 26 1458 Feb 13 21:19:39 219 -6702 T 0.9374 1.0385 56.3N 162.7W 20 151 375 02m41s
62 27 1476 Feb 25 05:45:39 201 -6479 T 0.9627 1.0386 63.1N 58.6E 15 140 491 02m29s
63 28 1494 Mar 07 14:04:20 183 -6256 Tn 0.9940 1.0368 71.3N 99.2W 4 108 - 02m06s
64 29 1512 Mar 17 22:14:35 168 -6033 P 1.0322 0.9516 72.0N 110.1E 0 81
65 30 1530 Mar 29 06:16:37 153 -5810 P 1.0769 0.8671 71.7N 24.5W 0 67
66 31 1548 Apr 08 14:10:08 139 -5587 P 1.1282 0.7698 71.2N 156.6W 0 54
67 32 1566 Apr 19 21:56:01 128 -5364 P 1.1855 0.6610 70.5N 73.8E 0 41
68 33 1584 May 10 05:35:06 118 -5141 P 1.2478 0.5424 69.7N 53.5W 0 29
69 34 1602 May 21 13:06:44 106 -4918 P 1.3157 0.4132 68.8N 178.4W 0 18
70 35 1620 May 31 20:33:45 92 -4695 P 1.3868 0.2783 67.8N 58.5E 0 7
71 36 1638 Jun 12 03:55:44 64 -4472 Pe 1.4614 0.1370 66.8N 63.0W 0 356
[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.
[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).
[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses .
[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to the Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is virtually identical to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.
The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..
The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).
The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:
A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.
Special thanks to Dan McGlaun for extracting the individual eclipse maps from the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 for use in this catalog and for preparing the Saros series animations from these maps.
The Besselian elements used in the predictions were kindly provided by Jean Meeus. All eclipse calculations are by Fred Espenak, and he assumes full responsibility for their accuracy. Some of the information presented on this web site is based on data originally published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000
Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:
"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)"
