The periodicity and recurrence of solar (and lunar) eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses. Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole.
Solar eclipses of Saros 110 all occur at the Moon’s descending node and the Moon moves northward with each eclipse. The series began with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on 0463 Aug 30. The series ended with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on 1743 Oct 17. The total duration of Saros series 110 is 1280.14 years. In summary:
First Eclipse = 0463 Aug 30 12:11:41 TD
Last Eclipse = 1743 Oct 17 14:25:42 TD
Duration of Saros 110 = 1280.14 Years
Saros 110 is composed of 72 solar eclipses as follows:
| Solar Eclipses of Saros 110 | |||
| Eclipse Type | Symbol | Number | Percent |
| All Eclipses | - | 72 | 100.0% |
| Partial | P | 33 | 45.8% |
| Annular | A | 39 | 54.2% |
| Total | T | 0 | 0.0% |
| Hybrid[3] | H | 0 | 0.0% |
Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 110 appears in the following table.
| Umbral Eclipses of Saros 110 | ||
| Classification | Number | Percent |
| All Umbral Eclipses | 39 | 100.0% |
| Central (two limits) | 39 | 100.0% |
| Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
| Non-Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
The following string illustrates the sequence of the 72 eclipses in Saros 110: 23P 39A 10P
The longest and shortest eclipses of Saros 110 as well as other eclipse extrema are listed below.
Longest Annular Solar Eclipse: 1274 Dec 29 Duration = 11m44s
Shortest Annular Solar Eclipse: 0878 May 06 Duration = 02m28s
Largest Partial Solar Eclipse: 1581 Jun 30 Magnitude = 0.9454
Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse: 1743 Oct 17 Magnitude = 0.0387
Local circumstances at greatest eclipse[4] for every eclipse of Saros 110 are presented in the following catalog. The sequence number in the first column links to a global map showing regions of eclipse visibility. A detailed key and additional information about the catalog can be found at: Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.
For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, see Saros 110 Animation.
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
01 -37 0463 Aug 30 12:11:41 6008 -19002 Pb -1.4959 0.0774 61.4S 51.4W 0 71
02 -36 0481 Sep 09 20:08:13 5836 -18779 P -1.4589 0.1488 61.1S 180.0E 0 80
03 -35 0499 Sep 21 04:11:45 5663 -18556 P -1.4281 0.2079 61.0S 49.7E 0 89
04 -34 0517 Oct 01 12:22:50 5488 -18333 P -1.4042 0.2535 61.0S 82.6W 0 98
05 -33 0535 Oct 12 20:41:01 5313 -18110 P -1.3865 0.2873 61.3S 143.4E 0 107
06 -32 0553 Oct 23 05:04:28 5137 -17887 P -1.3737 0.3117 61.6S 8.0E 0 117
07 -31 0571 Nov 03 13:34:02 4957 -17664 P -1.3665 0.3256 62.2S 129.0W 0 126
08 -30 0589 Nov 13 22:07:32 4777 -17441 P -1.3634 0.3320 62.9S 92.7E 0 136
09 -29 0607 Nov 25 06:44:16 4613 -17218 P -1.3633 0.3327 63.7S 46.5W 0 145
10 -28 0625 Dec 05 15:21:37 4470 -16995 P -1.3647 0.3308 64.6S 173.9E 0 155
11 -27 0643 Dec 16 23:59:22 4326 -16772 P -1.3669 0.3272 65.6S 33.9E 0 166
12 -26 0661 Dec 27 08:34:50 4158 -16549 P -1.3681 0.3254 66.7S 106.1W 0 177
13 -25 0680 Jan 07 17:06:18 3979 -16326 P -1.3669 0.3276 67.7S 114.3E 0 188
14 -24 0698 Jan 18 01:32:29 3799 -16103 P -1.3624 0.3359 68.7S 24.5W 0 199
15 -23 0716 Jan 29 09:52:15 3652 -15880 P -1.3537 0.3514 69.7S 162.2W 0 212
16 -22 0734 Feb 08 18:03:13 3508 -15657 P -1.3386 0.3781 70.5S 61.8E 0 224
17 -21 0752 Feb 20 02:05:24 3364 -15434 P -1.3174 0.4159 71.2S 72.6W 0 238
18 -20 0770 Mar 02 09:57:41 3221 -15211 P -1.2892 0.4661 71.7S 155.0E 0 251
19 -19 0788 Mar 12 17:41:00 3077 -14988 P -1.2547 0.5273 71.9S 24.5E 0 265
20 -18 0806 Mar 24 01:12:11 2933 -14765 P -1.2111 0.6048 71.9S 103.0W 0 279
21 -17 0824 Apr 03 08:35:03 2789 -14542 P -1.1616 0.6928 71.6S 131.7E 0 293
22 -16 0842 Apr 14 15:47:20 2646 -14319 P -1.1039 0.7950 71.1S 9.5E 0 306
23 -15 0860 Apr 24 22:52:40 2502 -14096 P -1.0414 0.9057 70.5S 110.6W 0 318
24 -14 0878 May 06 05:48:12 2358 -13873 A -0.9715 0.9711 57.7S 120.4E 13 341 455 02m28s
25 -13 0896 May 16 12:39:28 2215 -13650 A -0.8986 0.9727 43.7S 6.4E 26 351 224 02m43s
26 -12 0914 May 27 19:24:02 2100 -13427 A -0.8205 0.9728 33.2S 100.6W 35 357 171 03m00s
27 -11 0932 Jun 07 02:05:46 1992 -13204 A -0.7406 0.9719 24.7S 154.9E 42 2 150 03m19s
28 -10 0950 Jun 18 08:43:41 1884 -12981 A -0.6580 0.9703 17.5S 52.6E 49 6 142 03m40s
29 -09 0968 Jun 28 15:22:10 1776 -12758 A -0.5764 0.9680 11.7S 48.9W 55 10 140 04m01s
30 -08 0986 Jul 09 22:00:35 1669 -12535 A -0.4952 0.9651 7.0S 149.7W 60 14 144 04m22s
31 -07 1004 Jul 20 04:41:00 1566 -12312 A -0.4161 0.9618 3.7S 109.7E 65 18 151 04m42s
32 -06 1022 Jul 31 11:25:00 1476 -12089 A -0.3406 0.9580 1.5S 8.6E 70 21 161 05m03s
33 -05 1040 Aug 10 18:14:08 1386 -11866 A -0.2696 0.9539 0.4S 93.6W 74 24 174 05m24s
34 -04 1058 Aug 22 01:09:14 1296 -11643 A -0.2043 0.9496 0.4S 162.9E 78 27 188 05m47s
35 -03 1076 Sep 01 08:10:51 1207 -11420 A -0.1448 0.9452 1.2S 57.7E 82 28 204 06m13s
36 -02 1094 Sep 12 15:20:29 1117 -11197 A -0.0922 0.9408 2.8S 49.6W 85 29 220 06m41s
37 -01 1112 Sep 22 22:38:26 1040 -10974 Am -0.0469 0.9365 4.8S 159.0W 87 29 237 07m13s
38 00 1130 Oct 04 06:03:42 968 -10751 A -0.0080 0.9324 7.2S 89.7E 89 26 253 07m48s
39 01 1148 Oct 14 13:38:06 896 -10528 A 0.0231 0.9286 9.7S 23.9W 89 208 268 08m26s
40 02 1166 Oct 25 21:19:40 842 -10305 A 0.0477 0.9253 12.2S 139.1W 87 205 282 09m05s
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
41 03 1184 Nov 05 05:09:12 788 -10082 A 0.0659 0.9224 14.4S 103.7E 86 202 294 09m45s
42 04 1202 Nov 16 13:02:26 734 -9859 A 0.0809 0.9201 16.2S 14.1W 85 198 303 10m23s
43 05 1220 Nov 26 21:01:31 680 -9636 A 0.0907 0.9185 17.4S 133.3W 85 193 311 10m57s
44 06 1238 Dec 08 05:02:16 627 -9413 A 0.0988 0.9175 17.9S 107.1E 84 188 315 11m23s
45 07 1256 Dec 18 13:04:38 576 -9190 A 0.1055 0.9172 17.5S 12.8W 84 184 317 11m39s
46 08 1274 Dec 29 21:04:54 529 -8967 A 0.1138 0.9175 16.2S 132.3W 84 179 316 11m44s
47 09 1293 Jan 09 05:03:32 482 -8744 A 0.1233 0.9185 13.9S 108.4E 83 175 312 11m36s
48 10 1311 Jan 20 12:57:37 445 -8521 A 0.1365 0.9200 10.6S 10.2W 82 171 306 11m18s
49 11 1329 Jan 30 20:45:47 413 -8298 A 0.1543 0.9222 6.5S 127.8W 81 168 297 10m51s
50 12 1347 Feb 11 04:27:03 380 -8075 A 0.1778 0.9248 1.5S 115.9E 80 165 287 10m17s
51 13 1365 Feb 21 12:00:58 351 -7852 A 0.2074 0.9279 4.1N 1.1E 78 164 276 09m38s
52 14 1383 Mar 04 19:25:59 323 -7629 A 0.2444 0.9312 10.4N 111.9W 76 162 265 08m56s
53 15 1401 Mar 15 02:42:43 294 -7406 A 0.2885 0.9347 17.2N 137.0E 73 162 253 08m12s
54 16 1419 Mar 26 09:50:57 269 -7183 A 0.3399 0.9383 24.5N 27.9E 70 161 243 07m25s
55 17 1437 Apr 05 16:52:06 244 -6960 A 0.3974 0.9419 32.1N 79.4W 66 162 233 06m39s
56 18 1455 Apr 16 23:44:01 221 -6737 A 0.4628 0.9454 40.0N 176.0E 62 162 227 05m53s
57 19 1473 Apr 27 06:30:57 204 -6514 A 0.5328 0.9486 48.1N 73.2E 58 164 223 05m10s
58 20 1491 May 08 13:11:33 186 -6291 A 0.6085 0.9514 56.5N 27.0W 52 166 225 04m30s
59 21 1509 May 18 19:49:36 170 -6068 A 0.6865 0.9539 64.9N 124.3W 46 171 233 03m56s
60 22 1527 May 30 02:23:01 156 -5845 A 0.7688 0.9556 73.4N 144.5E 39 180 255 03m28s
61 23 1545 Jun 09 08:57:28 141 -5622 A 0.8506 0.9567 81.2N 71.9E 31 208 303 03m06s
62 24 1563 Jun 20 15:30:55 130 -5399 A 0.9338 0.9564 81.3N 55.3E 20 290 454 02m49s
63 25 1581 Jun 30 22:06:53 119 -5176 P 1.0152 0.9454 64.2N 2.2W 0 331
64 26 1599 Jul 22 04:45:15 109 -4953 P 1.0949 0.8068 63.4N 111.3W 0 321
65 27 1617 Aug 01 11:29:44 94 -4730 P 1.1702 0.6756 62.7N 138.3E 0 312
66 28 1635 Aug 12 18:20:10 69 -4507 P 1.2412 0.5514 62.1N 26.6E 0 303
67 29 1653 Aug 23 01:17:26 43 -4284 P 1.3072 0.4356 61.6N 86.7W 0 295
68 30 1671 Sep 03 08:23:57 23 -4061 P 1.3664 0.3318 61.3N 157.8E 0 286
69 31 1689 Sep 13 15:39:22 9 -3838 P 1.4191 0.2394 61.1N 40.2E 0 277
70 32 1707 Sep 25 23:05:05 9 -3615 P 1.4641 0.1603 61.1N 80.0W 0 268
71 33 1725 Oct 06 06:39:42 10 -3392 P 1.5029 0.0923 61.2N 157.7E 0 259
72 34 1743 Oct 17 14:25:42 12 -3169 Pe 1.5334 0.0387 61.5N 32.5E 0 250
[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.
[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).
[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses .
[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to the Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is virtually identical to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.
The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..
The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).
The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:
A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.
Special thanks to Dan McGlaun for extracting the individual eclipse maps from the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 for use in this catalog and for preparing the Saros series animations from these maps.
The Besselian elements used in the predictions were kindly provided by Jean Meeus. All eclipse calculations are by Fred Espenak, and he assumes full responsibility for their accuracy. Some of the information presented on this web site is based on data originally published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000
Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:
"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)"
