The periodicity and recurrence of solar (and lunar) eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses. Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole.
Solar eclipses of Saros 148 all occur at the Moon’s descending node and the Moon moves northward with each eclipse. The series began with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on 1653 Sep 21. The series will end with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on 2987 Dec 12. The total duration of Saros series 148 is 1334.23 years. In summary:
First Eclipse = 1653 Sep 21 15:55:44 TD
Last Eclipse = 2987 Dec 12 02:50:04 TD
Duration of Saros 148 = 1334.23 Years
Saros 148 is composed of 75 solar eclipses as follows:
| Solar Eclipses of Saros 148 | |||
| Eclipse Type | Symbol | Number | Percent |
| All Eclipses | - | 75 | 100.0% |
| Partial | P | 32 | 42.7% |
| Annular | A | 2 | 2.7% |
| Total | T | 40 | 53.3% |
| Hybrid[3] | H | 1 | 1.3% |
Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 148 appears in the following table.
| Umbral Eclipses of Saros 148 | ||
| Classification | Number | Percent |
| All Umbral Eclipses | 43 | 100.0% |
| Central (two limits) | 42 | 97.7% |
| Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
| Non-Central (one limit) | 1 | 2.3% |
The following string illustrates the sequence of the 75 eclipses in Saros 148: 20P 2A 1H 40T 12P
The longest and shortest eclipses of Saros 148 as well as other eclipse extrema are listed below.
Longest Total Solar Eclipse: 2609 Apr 26 Duration = 05m23s
Shortest Total Solar Eclipse: 2068 May 31 Duration = 01m06s
Longest Annular Solar Eclipse: 2032 May 09 Duration = 00m22s
Shortest Annular Solar Eclipse: 2032 May 09 Duration = 00m22s
Longest Hybrid Solar Eclipse: 2050 May 20 Duration = 00m21s
Shortest Hybrid Solar Eclipse: 2050 May 20 Duration = 00m21s
Largest Partial Solar Eclipse: 2789 Aug 13 Magnitude = 0.9580
Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse: 2987 Dec 12 Magnitude = 0.0074
Local circumstances at greatest eclipse[4] for every eclipse of Saros 148 are presented in the following catalog. The sequence number in the first column links to a global map showing regions of eclipse visibility. A detailed key and additional information about the catalog can be found at: Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.
For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, see Saros 148 Animation.
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
01 -35 1653 Sep 21 15:55:44 43 -4283 Pb -1.5450 0.0324 61.0S 149.7W 0 89
02 -34 1671 Oct 02 23:13:22 23 -4060 P -1.4952 0.1177 61.0S 92.1E 0 98
03 -33 1689 Oct 13 06:40:02 9 -3837 P -1.4517 0.1920 61.2S 28.3W 0 107
04 -32 1707 Oct 25 14:17:22 9 -3614 P -1.4161 0.2528 61.6S 151.3W 0 116
05 -31 1725 Nov 04 22:02:52 10 -3391 P -1.3861 0.3038 62.1S 83.5E 0 125
06 -30 1743 Nov 16 05:58:25 12 -3168 P -1.3634 0.3424 62.8S 44.4W 0 135
07 -29 1761 Nov 26 14:00:27 15 -2945 P -1.3451 0.3732 63.7S 174.2W 0 144
08 -28 1779 Dec 07 22:08:56 17 -2722 P -1.3315 0.3962 64.6S 54.2E 0 154
09 -27 1797 Dec 18 06:21:51 14 -2499 P -1.3208 0.4142 65.6S 79.0W 0 164
10 -26 1815 Dec 30 14:38:39 12 -2276 P -1.3129 0.4273 66.7S 146.4E 0 175
11 -25 1834 Jan 09 22:55:31 6 -2053 P -1.3043 0.4418 67.8S 11.3E 0 186
12 -24 1852 Jan 21 07:12:16 7 -1830 P -1.2948 0.4577 68.9S 124.3W 0 198
13 -23 1870 Jan 31 15:26:25 1 -1607 P -1.2829 0.4781 69.9S 100.0E 0 210
14 -22 1888 Feb 11 23:38:15 -6 -1384 P -1.2684 0.5029 70.7S 35.7W 0 223
15 -21 1906 Feb 23 07:43:20 5 -1161 P -1.2479 0.5386 71.4S 170.3W 0 237
16 -20 1924 Mar 05 15:44:20 24 -938 P -1.2232 0.5819 71.9S 55.6E 0 250
17 -19 1942 Mar 16 23:37:07 25 -715 P -1.1908 0.6393 72.2S 76.8W 0 264
18 -18 1960 Mar 27 07:25:07 33 -492 P -1.1537 0.7058 72.1S 151.9E 0 279
19 -17 1978 Apr 07 15:03:47 49 -269 P -1.1081 0.7883 71.9S 23.3E 0 293
20 -16 1996 Apr 17 22:38:12 62 -46 P -1.0580 0.8799 71.3S 104.0W 0 306
21 -15 2014 Apr 29 06:04:33 68 177 A- -1.0000 0.9868 70.6S 131.3E 0 319 - -
22 -14 2032 May 09 13:26:42 78 400 A -0.9375 0.9957 51.3S 7.1W 20 345 44 00m22s
23 -13 2050 May 20 20:42:50 95 623 H -0.8688 1.0038 40.1S 123.7W 29 352 27 00m21s
24 -12 2068 May 31 03:56:39 132 846 T -0.7970 1.0110 31.0S 123.2E 37 357 63 01m06s
25 -11 2086 Jun 11 11:07:14 172 1069 T -0.7215 1.0174 23.2S 12.5E 44 2 86 01m48s
26 -10 2104 Jun 22 18:16:21 213 1292 T -0.6438 1.0231 16.6S 96.8W 50 6 103 02m26s
27 -09 2122 Jul 04 01:25:31 257 1515 T -0.5649 1.0280 11.0S 154.7E 56 10 114 02m56s
28 -08 2140 Jul 14 08:36:11 303 1738 T -0.4861 1.0322 6.7S 46.5E 61 14 124 03m18s
29 -07 2158 Jul 25 15:49:17 346 1961 T -0.4087 1.0356 3.4S 61.8W 66 18 131 03m32s
30 -06 2176 Aug 04 23:05:55 386 2184 T -0.3333 1.0383 1.3S 170.5W 71 21 136 03m40s
31 -05 2194 Aug 16 06:28:08 428 2407 T -0.2616 1.0403 0.2S 79.6E 75 24 139 03m44s
32 -04 2212 Aug 27 13:56:17 473 2630 T -0.1940 1.0416 0.1S 31.7W 79 27 142 03m45s
33 -03 2230 Sep 07 21:30:39 519 2853 T -0.1309 1.0424 0.7S 144.5W 82 28 143 03m44s
34 -02 2248 Sep 18 05:13:07 567 3076 T -0.0738 1.0426 2.0S 100.6E 86 29 143 03m42s
35 -01 2266 Sep 29 13:03:57 617 3299 T -0.0233 1.0425 3.7S 16.4W 89 28 142 03m40s
36 00 2284 Oct 09 21:03:48 670 3522 T 0.0205 1.0420 5.7S 135.8W 89 209 140 03m39s
37 01 2302 Oct 22 05:11:16 724 3745 T 0.0584 1.0413 7.8S 102.9E 87 207 139 03m38s
38 02 2320 Nov 01 13:28:19 781 3968 Tm 0.0888 1.0406 9.8S 20.8W 85 204 136 03m38s
39 03 2338 Nov 12 21:52:54 840 4191 T 0.1131 1.0399 11.7S 146.4W 84 201 134 03m38s
40 04 2356 Nov 23 06:24:55 900 4414 T 0.1317 1.0394 13.2S 86.3E 83 197 133 03m40s
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
41 05 2374 Dec 04 15:02:56 963 4637 T 0.1455 1.0390 14.1S 42.4W 82 193 132 03m42s
42 06 2392 Dec 14 23:46:26 1028 4860 T 0.1550 1.0391 14.5S 172.4W 81 188 133 03m46s
43 07 2410 Dec 26 08:33:58 1095 5083 T 0.1613 1.0395 14.1S 56.6E 81 184 134 03m50s
44 08 2429 Jan 05 17:22:56 1164 5306 T 0.1666 1.0404 13.0S 74.9W 80 179 137 03m56s
45 09 2447 Jan 17 02:14:03 1235 5529 T 0.1703 1.0417 11.1S 152.9E 80 175 141 04m03s
46 10 2465 Jan 27 11:03:49 1308 5752 T 0.1751 1.0435 8.3S 20.8E 80 171 147 04m11s
47 11 2483 Feb 07 19:51:56 1383 5975 T 0.1817 1.0457 4.8S 111.2W 80 168 155 04m20s
48 12 2501 Feb 19 04:35:21 1461 6198 T 0.1925 1.0483 0.6S 117.7E 79 165 163 04m31s
49 13 2519 Mar 02 13:15:24 1540 6421 T 0.2062 1.0511 4.2N 12.9W 78 164 173 04m42s
50 14 2537 Mar 12 21:49:07 1622 6644 T 0.2254 1.0542 9.5N 142.2W 77 162 184 04m53s
51 15 2555 Mar 24 06:16:23 1705 6867 T 0.2502 1.0574 15.2N 90.0E 75 162 195 05m04s
52 16 2573 Apr 03 14:36:16 1791 7090 T 0.2815 1.0606 21.4N 35.9W 74 162 207 05m13s
53 17 2591 Apr 14 22:49:07 1878 7313 T 0.3189 1.0637 27.7N 160.0W 71 163 220 05m19s
54 18 2609 Apr 26 06:54:26 1968 7536 T 0.3627 1.0665 34.2N 78.2E 69 164 233 05m23s
55 19 2627 May 07 14:52:04 2060 7759 T 0.4129 1.0688 40.8N 41.0W 65 166 246 05m22s
56 20 2645 May 17 22:43:18 2154 7982 T 0.4686 1.0707 47.4N 157.7W 62 170 261 05m16s
57 21 2663 May 29 06:28:21 2250 8205 T 0.5295 1.0719 53.7N 88.7E 58 174 276 05m07s
58 22 2681 Jun 08 14:07:31 2348 8428 T 0.5953 1.0724 59.7N 21.1W 53 181 294 04m54s
59 23 2699 Jun 19 21:42:32 2448 8651 T 0.6645 1.0720 64.9N 126.6W 48 191 314 04m38s
60 24 2717 Jul 01 05:13:30 2550 8874 T 0.7368 1.0707 69.2N 133.9E 42 206 342 04m20s
61 25 2735 Jul 12 12:43:11 2654 9097 T 0.8101 1.0682 71.7N 40.5E 36 225 381 03m59s
62 26 2753 Jul 22 20:10:02 2761 9320 T 0.8853 1.0646 72.2N 46.7W 27 249 458 03m35s
63 27 2771 Aug 03 03:38:34 2869 9543 T 0.9590 1.0590 69.6N 129.5W 16 277 704 03m05s
64 28 2789 Aug 13 11:07:04 2979 9766 P 1.0325 0.9580 62.1N 146.1E 0 302
65 29 2807 Aug 24 18:39:28 3092 9989 P 1.1023 0.8227 61.7N 24.5E 0 293
66 30 2825 Sep 04 02:13:41 3207 10212 P 1.1700 0.6920 61.3N 97.3W 0 284
67 31 2843 Sep 15 09:54:00 3323 10435 P 1.2325 0.5724 61.2N 139.4E 0 276
68 32 2861 Sep 25 17:38:14 3442 10658 P 1.2912 0.4607 61.2N 15.1E 0 267
69 33 2879 Oct 07 01:29:04 3563 10881 P 1.3441 0.3612 61.3N 110.8W 0 258
70 34 2897 Oct 17 09:25:31 3686 11104 P 1.3918 0.2723 61.6N 121.9E 0 249
71 35 2915 Oct 29 17:29:53 3811 11327 P 1.4323 0.1978 62.1N 7.5W 0 240
72 36 2933 Nov 09 01:40:31 3938 11550 P 1.4676 0.1339 62.6N 138.6W 0 231
73 37 2951 Nov 20 09:57:41 4067 11773 P 1.4970 0.0814 63.4N 88.5E 0 222
74 38 2969 Nov 30 18:20:54 4198 11996 P 1.5210 0.0393 64.2N 46.2W 0 212
75 39 2987 Dec 12 02:50:04 4331 12219 Pe 1.5396 0.0074 65.2N 177.4E 0 202
[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.
[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).
[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses .
[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to the Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is virtually identical to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.
The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..
The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).
The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:
A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.
Special thanks to Dan McGlaun for extracting the individual eclipse maps from the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 for use in this catalog and for preparing the Saros series animations from these maps.
The Besselian elements used in the predictions were kindly provided by Jean Meeus. All eclipse calculations are by Fred Espenak, and he assumes full responsibility for their accuracy. Some of the information presented on this web site is based on data originally published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000
Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:
"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)"
