The periodicity and recurrence of solar (and lunar) eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses. Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole.
Solar eclipses of Saros 164 all occur at the Moon’s descending node and the Moon moves northward with each eclipse. The series will begin with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on 2098 Oct 24. The series will end with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on 3523 Mar 10. The total duration of Saros series 164 is 1424.38 years. In summary:
First Eclipse = 2098 Oct 24 10:36:11 TD
Last Eclipse = 3523 Mar 10 17:29:59 TD
Duration of Saros 164 = 1424.38 Years
Saros 164 is composed of 80 solar eclipses as follows:
| Solar Eclipses of Saros 164 | |||
| Eclipse Type | Symbol | Number | Percent |
| All Eclipses | - | 80 | 100.0% |
| Partial | P | 37 | 46.2% |
| Annular | A | 3 | 3.8% |
| Total | T | 36 | 45.0% |
| Hybrid[3] | H | 4 | 5.0% |
Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 164 appears in the following table.
| Umbral Eclipses of Saros 164 | ||
| Classification | Number | Percent |
| All Umbral Eclipses | 43 | 100.0% |
| Central (two limits) | 42 | 97.7% |
| Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
| Non-Central (one limit) | 1 | 2.3% |
The following string illustrates the sequence of the 80 eclipses in Saros 164: 20P 36T 4H 3A 17P
The longest and shortest eclipses of Saros 164 as well as other eclipse extrema are listed below.
Longest Total Solar Eclipse: 2549 Jul 25 Duration = 06m30s
Shortest Total Solar Eclipse: 3090 Jun 20 Duration = 01m22s
Longest Annular Solar Eclipse: 3216 Sep 04 Duration = 01m21s
Shortest Annular Solar Eclipse: 3180 Aug 13 Duration = 00m23s
Longest Hybrid Solar Eclipse: 3108 Jul 01 Duration = 01m05s
Shortest Hybrid Solar Eclipse: 3162 Aug 03 Duration = 00m02s
Largest Partial Solar Eclipse: 2441 May 21 Magnitude = 0.8795
Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse: 2098 Oct 24 Magnitude = 0.0056
Local circumstances at greatest eclipse[4] for every eclipse of Saros 164 are presented in the following catalog. The sequence number in the first column links to a global map showing regions of eclipse visibility. A detailed key and additional information about the catalog can be found at: Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.
For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, see Saros 164 Animation.
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
01 -46 2098 Oct 24 10:36:11 200 1222 Pb -1.5407 0.0056 61.8S 95.5W 0 116
02 -45 2116 Nov 04 18:50:09 243 1445 P -1.5103 0.0613 62.3S 132.3E 0 125
03 -44 2134 Nov 16 03:12:08 288 1668 P -1.4857 0.1060 63.0S 2.1W 0 135
04 -43 2152 Nov 26 11:41:08 334 1891 P -1.4665 0.1409 63.8S 138.4W 0 144
05 -42 2170 Dec 07 20:17:08 373 2114 P -1.4530 0.1653 64.7S 83.1E 0 154
06 -41 2188 Dec 18 04:56:59 415 2337 P -1.4420 0.1850 65.7S 56.6W 0 165
07 -40 2206 Dec 30 13:40:30 458 2560 P -1.4337 0.1997 66.8S 162.3E 0 175
08 -39 2225 Jan 09 22:25:24 504 2783 P -1.4263 0.2125 67.8S 20.4E 0 187
09 -38 2243 Jan 21 07:11:45 552 3006 P -1.4198 0.2238 68.9S 122.5W 0 198
10 -37 2261 Jan 31 15:55:00 601 3229 P -1.4107 0.2397 69.9S 94.8E 0 211
11 -36 2279 Feb 12 00:37:06 653 3452 P -1.4003 0.2581 70.7S 48.3W 0 224
12 -35 2297 Feb 22 09:13:31 707 3675 P -1.3851 0.2853 71.4S 169.4E 0 237
13 -34 2315 Mar 06 17:46:20 763 3898 P -1.3668 0.3187 71.9S 27.6E 0 251
14 -33 2333 Mar 17 02:10:53 821 4121 P -1.3417 0.3651 72.1S 112.5W 0 265
15 -32 2351 Mar 28 10:30:57 881 4344 P -1.3126 0.4195 72.1S 108.5E 0 279
16 -31 2369 Apr 07 18:42:11 943 4567 P -1.2763 0.4880 71.8S 28.1W 0 293
17 -30 2387 Apr 19 02:47:06 1007 4790 P -1.2345 0.5677 71.3S 162.7W 0 306
18 -29 2405 Apr 29 10:43:55 1074 5013 P -1.1858 0.6613 70.6S 65.3E 0 319
19 -28 2423 May 10 18:35:17 1142 5236 P -1.1323 0.7647 69.7S 64.8W 0 332
20 -27 2441 May 21 02:20:11 1213 5459 P -1.0733 0.8795 68.8S 167.3E 0 343
21 -26 2459 Jun 01 09:59:50 1285 5682 T- -1.0097 1.0038 67.8S 41.3E 0 354 - -
22 -25 2477 Jun 11 17:35:29 1360 5905 T -0.9423 1.0647 47.8S 80.8W 19 3 642 04m53s
23 -24 2495 Jun 23 01:08:06 1436 6128 T -0.8718 1.0696 37.2S 162.6E 29 8 464 05m39s
24 -23 2513 Jul 04 08:38:16 1515 6351 T -0.7992 1.0729 29.6S 48.0E 37 12 392 06m09s
25 -22 2531 Jul 15 16:07:33 1596 6574 T -0.7256 1.0750 23.8S 65.5W 43 15 351 06m25s
26 -21 2549 Jul 25 23:37:26 1679 6797 T -0.6522 1.0761 19.5S 178.5W 49 19 322 06m30s
27 -20 2567 Aug 06 07:09:09 1764 7020 T -0.5802 1.0762 16.5S 68.5E 54 22 299 06m26s
28 -19 2585 Aug 16 14:42:33 1851 7243 T -0.5094 1.0753 14.7S 44.5W 59 25 281 06m16s
29 -18 2603 Aug 28 22:20:26 1940 7466 T -0.4425 1.0737 13.9S 158.4W 64 27 264 06m02s
30 -17 2621 Sep 08 06:02:19 2031 7689 T -0.3793 1.0713 14.1S 86.8E 68 29 249 05m45s
31 -16 2639 Sep 19 13:50:24 2124 7912 T -0.3212 1.0683 15.0S 29.4W 71 30 234 05m28s
32 -15 2657 Sep 29 21:43:07 2219 8135 T -0.2675 1.0647 16.4S 146.6W 74 30 219 05m11s
33 -14 2675 Oct 11 05:43:47 2317 8358 T -0.2206 1.0608 18.3S 94.2E 77 29 204 04m54s
34 -13 2693 Oct 21 13:50:36 2416 8581 T -0.1793 1.0566 20.3S 26.3W 80 27 189 04m37s
35 -12 2711 Nov 02 22:05:02 2518 8804 T -0.1448 1.0523 22.3S 148.6W 82 25 175 04m21s
36 -11 2729 Nov 13 06:26:10 2621 9027 T -0.1162 1.0480 24.1S 87.7E 83 22 161 04m05s
37 -10 2747 Nov 24 14:54:29 2727 9250 T -0.0940 1.0438 25.7S 37.6W 84 18 147 03m49s
38 -09 2765 Dec 04 23:28:46 2835 9473 T -0.0771 1.0398 26.7S 164.2W 85 13 134 03m33s
39 -08 2783 Dec 16 08:07:08 2945 9696 T -0.0640 1.0362 27.0S 68.3E 86 8 122 03m18s
40 -07 2801 Dec 26 16:50:37 3056 9919 T -0.0555 1.0328 26.6S 60.4W 87 4 111 03m04s
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
41 -06 2820 Jan 07 01:36:11 3170 10142 Tm -0.0495 1.0300 25.4S 170.2E 87 359 102 02m51s
42 -05 2838 Jan 17 10:23:36 3286 10365 T -0.0450 1.0277 23.3S 40.1E 87 355 94 02m39s
43 -04 2856 Jan 28 19:09:09 3405 10588 T -0.0395 1.0258 20.4S 89.9W 88 351 88 02m30s
44 -03 2874 Feb 08 03:54:12 3525 10811 T -0.0340 1.0244 16.9S 139.7E 88 348 83 02m23s
45 -02 2892 Feb 19 12:34:51 3647 11034 T -0.0255 1.0234 12.6S 9.9E 88 346 80 02m18s
46 -01 2910 Mar 02 21:10:45 3771 11257 T -0.0136 1.0228 7.9S 119.0W 89 344 78 02m15s
47 00 2928 Mar 13 05:39:54 3898 11480 T 0.0034 1.0225 2.6S 113.3E 90 161 77 02m13s
48 01 2946 Mar 24 14:02:24 4026 11703 T 0.0255 1.0224 3.0N 12.9W 89 163 76 02m13s
49 02 2964 Apr 03 22:16:19 4157 11926 T 0.0540 1.0224 8.9N 137.0W 87 163 76 02m13s
50 03 2982 Apr 15 06:21:40 4289 12149 T 0.0890 1.0223 14.9N 101.1E 85 164 76 02m12s
51 04 3000 Apr 26 14:18:06 4424 12372 T 0.1310 1.0222 21.1N 18.4W 82 166 76 02m11s
52 05 3018 May 07 22:06:17 4561 12595 T 0.1791 1.0218 27.2N 135.3W 80 169 75 02m06s
53 06 3036 May 18 05:44:37 4700 12818 T 0.2350 1.0211 33.3N 110.9E 76 172 74 02m00s
54 07 3054 May 29 13:15:59 4840 13041 T 0.2960 1.0199 39.0N 0.2W 73 176 71 01m50s
55 08 3072 Jun 08 20:38:54 4983 13264 T 0.3636 1.0183 44.4N 108.0W 68 181 67 01m37s
56 09 3090 Jun 20 03:56:54 5128 13487 T 0.4343 1.0161 49.1N 146.9E 64 188 61 01m22s
57 10 3108 Jul 01 11:07:05 5276 13710 H 0.5108 1.0132 53.2N 45.4E 59 195 53 01m05s
58 11 3126 Jul 12 18:14:52 5425 13933 H 0.5885 1.0097 56.3N 53.9W 54 204 41 00m45s
59 12 3144 Jul 23 01:17:26 5576 14156 H 0.6698 1.0054 58.5N 150.3W 48 214 25 00m24s
60 13 3162 Aug 03 08:19:34 5729 14379 H 0.7502 1.0004 59.8N 114.4E 41 224 2 00m02s
61 14 3180 Aug 13 15:19:01 5885 14602 A 0.8318 0.9946 60.7N 21.0E 33 235 34 00m23s
62 15 3198 Aug 24 22:21:10 6042 14825 A 0.9101 0.9878 61.5N 70.9W 24 246 103 00m50s
63 16 3216 Sep 04 05:23:49 6202 15048 A 0.9868 0.9786 62.3N 150.2W 8 268 513 01m21s
64 17 3234 Sep 15 12:30:20 6363 15271 P 1.0594 0.8754 61.1N 112.6E 0 275
65 18 3252 Sep 25 19:40:20 6527 15494 P 1.1278 0.7523 61.1N 2.8W 0 267
66 19 3270 Oct 07 02:56:27 6693 15717 P 1.1901 0.6414 61.3N 119.8W 0 258
67 20 3288 Oct 17 10:18:17 6861 15940 P 1.2470 0.5412 61.6N 121.7E 0 249
68 21 3306 Oct 29 17:46:27 7030 16163 P 1.2977 0.4527 62.0N 1.6E 0 240
69 22 3324 Nov 09 01:21:55 7202 16386 P 1.3417 0.3768 62.6N 120.4W 0 231
70 23 3342 Nov 20 09:04:29 7376 16609 P 1.3791 0.3131 63.4N 115.5E 0 222
71 24 3360 Nov 30 16:53:43 7553 16832 P 1.4103 0.2606 64.2N 10.4W 0 212
72 25 3378 Dec 12 00:49:28 7731 17055 P 1.4355 0.2188 65.2N 138.2W 0 202
73 26 3396 Dec 22 08:50:22 7911 17278 P 1.4560 0.1852 66.2N 92.3E 0 192
74 27 3415 Jan 03 16:55:57 8093 17501 P 1.4720 0.1592 67.3N 38.9W 0 181
75 28 3433 Jan 14 01:03:03 8278 17724 P 1.4861 0.1364 68.4N 170.9W 0 170
76 29 3451 Jan 25 09:12:47 8464 17947 P 1.4973 0.1183 69.4N 55.8E 0 158
77 30 3469 Feb 04 17:21:26 8653 18170 P 1.5084 0.1004 70.4N 77.9W 0 145
78 31 3487 Feb 16 01:28:50 8843 18393 P 1.5202 0.0810 71.2N 148.0E 0 132
79 32 3505 Feb 27 09:31:19 9036 18616 P 1.5352 0.0559 71.8N 14.6E 0 118
80 33 3523 Mar 10 17:29:59 9231 18839 Pe 1.5527 0.0265 72.2N 118.4W 0 104
[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.
[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).
[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses .
[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to the Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is virtually identical to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.
The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..
The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).
The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:
A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.
Special thanks to Dan McGlaun for extracting the individual eclipse maps from the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 for use in this catalog and for preparing the Saros series animations from these maps.
The Besselian elements used in the predictions were kindly provided by Jean Meeus. All eclipse calculations are by Fred Espenak, and he assumes full responsibility for their accuracy. Some of the information presented on this web site is based on data originally published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000
Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:
"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)"
