The periodicity and recurrence of solar eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses. Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole. For more information, see Periodicity of Solar Eclipses.
Solar eclipses of Saros 165 all occur at the Moon’s ascending node and the Moon moves southward with each eclipse. The series will begin with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on 2145 Oct 16. The series will end with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on 3425 Dec 02. The total duration of Saros series 165 is 1280.14 years. In summary:
First Eclipse = 2145 Oct 16 09:11:28 TD Last Eclipse = 3425 Dec 02 13:38:46 TD Duration of Saros 165 = 1280.14 Years
Saros 165 is composed of 72 solar eclipses as follows:
| Solar Eclipses of Saros 165 | |||
| Eclipse Type | Symbol | Number | Percent |
| All Eclipses | - | 72 | 100.0% |
| Partial | P | 33 | 45.8% |
| Annular | A | 39 | 54.2% |
| Total | T | 0 | 0.0% |
| Hybrid[3] | H | 0 | 0.0% |
Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 165 appears in the following table.
| Umbral Eclipses of Saros 165 | ||
| Classification | Number | Percent |
| All Umbral Eclipses | 39 | 100.0% |
| Central (two limits) | 39 | 100.0% |
| Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
| Non-Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
The following string illustrates the sequence of the 72 eclipses in Saros 165: 22P 39A 11P
The longest and shortest central eclipses of Saros 165 as well as largest and smallest partial eclipses are listed in the below.
| Extreme Durations and Magnitudes of Solar Eclipses of Saros 165 | |||
| Extrema Type | Date | Duration | Magnitude |
| Longest Annular Solar Eclipse | 2885 Jan 07 | 10m20s | - |
| Shortest Annular Solar Eclipse | 2542 Jun 14 | 01m30s | - |
| Largest Partial Solar Eclipse | 3245 Aug 14 | - | 0.90896 |
| Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse | 3425 Dec 02 | - | 0.01337 |
The catalog below lists concise details and local circumstances at greatest eclipse[5] for every solar eclipse in Saros 165. A description or explanation of each parameter listed in the catalog can be found in Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.
Several fields in the catalog link to web pages or files containing additional information for each eclipse (for the years -1999 through +3000). The following gives a brief explanation of each link.
For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, see Animation of Saros 165.
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat Long Alt Width Dur.
s ° ° ° km
09837 -39 2145 Oct 16 09:11:28 317 1803 Pb 1.5190 0.0359 71.4N 101.7E 0
09879 -38 2163 Oct 27 17:20:52 358 2026 P 1.4919 0.0888 70.8N 33.9W 0
09923 -37 2181 Nov 07 01:38:23 398 2249 P 1.4718 0.1280 70.0N 170.9W 0
09967 -36 2199 Nov 18 10:01:01 441 2472 P 1.4564 0.1583 69.1N 51.4E 0
10011 -35 2217 Nov 29 18:29:51 486 2695 P 1.4464 0.1782 68.1N 87.3W 0
10055 -34 2235 Dec 11 03:02:34 533 2918 P 1.4400 0.1913 67.1N 133.6E 0
10099 -33 2253 Dec 21 11:39:39 582 3141 P 1.4374 0.1972 66.1N 6.0W 0
10144 -32 2272 Jan 01 20:17:51 632 3364 P 1.4365 0.2000 65.1N 145.4W 0
10190 -31 2290 Jan 12 04:56:33 686 3587 P 1.4365 0.2009 64.1N 75.4E 0
10235 -30 2308 Jan 24 13:33:40 741 3810 P 1.4358 0.2029 63.3N 63.0W 0
10280 -29 2326 Feb 03 22:08:49 798 4033 P 1.4340 0.2068 62.6N 159.3E 0
10325 -28 2344 Feb 15 06:37:58 857 4256 P 1.4280 0.2178 62.0N 23.3E 0
10371 -27 2362 Feb 25 15:02:03 918 4479 P 1.4190 0.2344 61.6N 111.3W 0
10415 -26 2380 Mar 07 23:17:52 982 4702 P 1.4039 0.2615 61.3N 116.3E 0
10459 -25 2398 Mar 19 07:27:08 1047 4925 P 1.3844 0.2965 61.2N 14.4W 0
10502 -24 2416 Mar 29 15:24:54 1115 5148 P 1.3563 0.3466 61.2N 142.2W 0
10545 -23 2434 Apr 09 23:15:24 1184 5371 P 1.3232 0.4058 61.4N 91.7E 0
10588 -22 2452 Apr 20 06:54:27 1256 5594 P 1.2819 0.4797 61.8N 31.5W 0
10630 -21 2470 May 01 14:25:40 1330 5817 P 1.2347 0.5638 62.3N 152.9W 0
10673 -20 2488 May 11 21:45:56 1406 6040 P 1.1793 0.6626 62.9N 88.3E 0
10715 -19 2506 May 24 04:59:35 1484 6263 P 1.1192 0.7695 63.7N 29.1W 0
10756 -18 2524 Jun 03 12:04:40 1564 6486 P 1.0528 0.8873 64.5N 144.5W 0
10797 -17 2542 Jun 14 19:03:09 1646 6709 A 0.9815 0.9737 74.8N 113.4E 10 540 01m30s
10837 -16 2560 Jun 25 01:55:50 1730 6932 A 0.9063 0.9754 86.4N 91.3E 25 211 01m35s
10877 -15 2578 Jul 06 08:44:44 1816 7155 A 0.8285 0.9753 78.8N 61.1E 34 159 01m45s
10917 -14 2596 Jul 16 15:30:49 1904 7378 A 0.7487 0.9741 69.4N 32.6W 41 141 02m00s
10958 -13 2614 Jul 28 22:14:49 1995 7601 A 0.6680 0.9721 60.2N 132.0W 48 135 02m21s
10999 -12 2632 Aug 08 04:59:27 2087 7824 A 0.5886 0.9695 51.2N 126.5E 54 136 02m49s
11039 -11 2650 Aug 19 11:45:23 2182 8047 A 0.5110 0.9663 42.4N 23.7E 59 141 03m21s
11080 -10 2668 Aug 29 18:33:48 2278 8270 A 0.4360 0.9627 33.7N 80.2W 64 149 03m59s
11121 -09 2686 Sep 10 01:25:58 2377 8493 A 0.3646 0.9587 25.3N 174.7E 68 160 04m41s
11163 -08 2704 Sep 21 08:23:52 2477 8716 A 0.2985 0.9545 17.3N 68.2E 73 173 05m26s
11205 -07 2722 Oct 02 15:28:06 2580 8939 A 0.2384 0.9501 9.7N 39.7W 76 188 06m12s
11248 -06 2740 Oct 12 22:38:24 2685 9162 A 0.1837 0.9456 2.5N 148.8W 79 204 06m59s
11291 -05 2758 Oct 24 05:56:58 2792 9385 A 0.1364 0.9412 4.0S 100.4E 82 220 07m44s
11336 -04 2776 Nov 03 13:23:19 2901 9608 A 0.0956 0.9369 9.9S 11.8W 85 236 08m25s
11381 -03 2794 Nov 14 20:57:54 3012 9831 Am 0.0620 0.9329 14.8S 125.4W 87 251 09m02s
11426 -02 2812 Nov 25 04:39:02 3125 10054 A 0.0341 0.9292 18.9S 120.0E 88 266 09m33s
11471 -01 2830 Dec 06 12:27:18 3240 10277 A 0.0124 0.9261 21.8S 4.1E 89 278 09m57s
11517 00 2848 Dec 16 20:21:20 3358 10500 A -0.0045 0.9233 23.7S 112.7W 90 289 10m13s
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat Long Alt Width Dur.
s ° ° ° km
11563 01 2866 Dec 28 04:18:59 3477 10723 A -0.0184 0.9213 24.4S 129.9E 89 298 10m19s
11610 02 2885 Jan 07 12:20:24 3598 10946 A -0.0289 0.9197 23.9S 11.5E 88 304 10m20s
11657 03 2903 Jan 19 20:22:19 3722 11169 A -0.0391 0.9189 22.6S 107.2W 88 308 10m12s
11703 04 2921 Jan 30 04:24:58 3848 11392 A -0.0482 0.9187 20.3S 133.7E 87 309 10m01s
11748 05 2939 Feb 10 12:23:38 3975 11615 A -0.0607 0.9191 17.6S 15.2E 86 307 09m45s
11792 06 2957 Feb 20 20:20:31 4105 11838 A -0.0746 0.9201 14.5S 103.0W 86 303 09m28s
11836 07 2975 Mar 04 04:11:02 4237 12061 A -0.0939 0.9217 11.3S 140.1E 85 297 09m10s
11880 08 2993 Mar 14 11:55:59 4371 12284 A -0.1176 0.9238 8.1S 24.5E 83 289 08m53s
----- 09 3011 Mar 26 19:32:21 4506 12507 A -0.1483 0.9262 5.4S 88.9W 81 280 08m37s
----- 10 3029 Apr 06 03:02:13 4644 12730 A -0.1845 0.9290 3.0S 159.4E 79 270 08m23s
----- 11 3047 Apr 17 10:23:15 4785 12953 A -0.2282 0.9320 1.4S 50.0E 77 260 08m10s
----- 12 3065 Apr 27 17:35:46 4927 13176 A -0.2791 0.9352 0.7S 57.2W 74 250 08m00s
----- 13 3083 May 09 00:40:11 5071 13399 A -0.3368 0.9383 1.1S 162.4W 70 242 07m50s
----- 14 3101 May 20 07:37:31 5217 13622 A -0.4003 0.9414 2.7S 94.1E 66 235 07m41s
----- 15 3119 May 31 14:27:29 5366 13845 A -0.4701 0.9443 5.5S 8.0W 62 232 07m28s
----- 16 3137 Jun 10 21:11:56 5516 14068 A -0.5449 0.9468 9.7S 109.1W 57 233 07m12s
----- 17 3155 Jun 22 03:51:38 5669 14291 A -0.6235 0.9490 15.2S 150.3E 51 239 06m49s
----- 18 3173 Jul 02 10:28:58 5823 14514 A -0.7041 0.9507 22.1S 49.4E 45 255 06m21s
----- 19 3191 Jul 13 17:02:23 5980 14737 A -0.7881 0.9518 30.6S 51.7W 38 287 05m48s
----- 20 3209 Jul 23 23:37:00 6138 14960 A -0.8711 0.9520 40.9S 154.7W 29 358 05m12s
----- 21 3227 Aug 04 06:11:22 6299 15183 A -0.9544 0.9509 54.8S 97.9E 17 614 04m35s
----- 22 3245 Aug 14 12:50:08 6462 15406 P -1.0345 0.9090 70.9S 28.9W 0
----- 23 3263 Aug 25 19:30:46 6627 15629 P -1.1131 0.7727 71.6S 141.6W 0
----- 24 3281 Sep 05 02:19:15 6794 15852 P -1.1856 0.6469 72.0S 103.2E 0
----- 25 3299 Sep 16 09:12:44 6963 16075 P -1.2544 0.5273 72.2S 13.4W 0
----- 26 3317 Sep 27 16:14:59 7134 16298 P -1.3165 0.4192 72.2S 132.4W 0
----- 27 3335 Oct 08 23:24:26 7308 16521 P -1.3735 0.3201 72.0S 107.0E 0
----- 28 3353 Oct 19 06:44:49 7483 16744 P -1.4222 0.2352 71.5S 16.1W 0
----- 29 3371 Oct 30 14:13:52 7660 16967 P -1.4645 0.1617 70.8S 140.8W 0
----- 30 3389 Nov 09 21:52:35 7840 17190 P -1.4998 0.1004 70.0S 92.7E 0
----- 31 3407 Nov 22 05:40:53 8021 17413 P -1.5281 0.0512 69.0S 35.7W 0
----- 32 3425 Dec 02 13:38:46 8205 17636 Pe -1.5498 0.0134 68.0S 165.8W 0
The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..
The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).
The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:
A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.
[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.
[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).
[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses .
[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is nearly equal to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.
The information presented on this web page is based on data published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 and Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000. The individual global maps appearing in links (both GIF an animation) were extracted from full page plates appearing in Five Millennium Canon by Dan McGlaun. The Besselian elements were provided by Jean Meeus. Fred Espenak assumes full responsibility for the accuracy of all eclipse calculations.
Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:
"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)"
