The periodicity and recurrence of solar (and lunar) eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses. Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole.
Solar eclipses of Saros 165 all occur at the Moon’s ascending node and the Moon moves southward with each eclipse. The series will begin with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on 2145 Oct 16. The series will end with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on 3425 Dec 02. The total duration of Saros series 165 is 1280.14 years. In summary:
First Eclipse = 2145 Oct 16 09:11:28 TD
Last Eclipse = 3425 Dec 02 13:38:46 TD
Duration of Saros 165 = 1280.14 Years
Saros 165 is composed of 72 solar eclipses as follows:
| Solar Eclipses of Saros 165 | |||
| Eclipse Type | Symbol | Number | Percent |
| All Eclipses | - | 72 | 100.0% |
| Partial | P | 33 | 45.8% |
| Annular | A | 39 | 54.2% |
| Total | T | 0 | 0.0% |
| Hybrid[3] | H | 0 | 0.0% |
Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 165 appears in the following table.
| Umbral Eclipses of Saros 165 | ||
| Classification | Number | Percent |
| All Umbral Eclipses | 39 | 100.0% |
| Central (two limits) | 39 | 100.0% |
| Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
| Non-Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
The following string illustrates the sequence of the 72 eclipses in Saros 165: 22P 39A 11P
The longest and shortest eclipses of Saros 165 as well as other eclipse extrema are listed below.
Longest Annular Solar Eclipse: 2885 Jan 07 Duration = 10m20s
Shortest Annular Solar Eclipse: 2542 Jun 14 Duration = 01m30s
Largest Partial Solar Eclipse: 3245 Aug 14 Magnitude = 0.9090
Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse: 3425 Dec 02 Magnitude = 0.0134
Local circumstances at greatest eclipse[4] for every eclipse of Saros 165 are presented in the following catalog. The sequence number in the first column links to a global map showing regions of eclipse visibility. A detailed key and additional information about the catalog can be found at: Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.
For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, see Saros 165 Animation.
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
01 -39 2145 Oct 16 09:11:28 317 1803 Pb 1.5190 0.0359 71.4N 101.7E 0 241
02 -38 2163 Oct 27 17:20:52 358 2026 P 1.4919 0.0888 70.8N 33.9W 0 227
03 -37 2181 Nov 07 01:38:23 398 2249 P 1.4718 0.1280 70.0N 170.9W 0 214
04 -36 2199 Nov 18 10:01:01 441 2472 P 1.4564 0.1583 69.1N 51.4E 0 202
05 -35 2217 Nov 29 18:29:51 486 2695 P 1.4464 0.1782 68.1N 87.3W 0 190
06 -34 2235 Dec 11 03:02:34 533 2918 P 1.4400 0.1913 67.1N 133.6E 0 179
07 -33 2253 Dec 21 11:39:39 582 3141 P 1.4374 0.1972 66.1N 6.0W 0 168
08 -32 2272 Jan 01 20:17:51 632 3364 P 1.4365 0.2000 65.1N 145.4W 0 158
09 -31 2290 Jan 12 04:56:33 686 3587 P 1.4365 0.2009 64.1N 75.4E 0 148
10 -30 2308 Jan 24 13:33:40 741 3810 P 1.4358 0.2029 63.3N 63.0W 0 138
11 -29 2326 Feb 03 22:08:49 798 4033 P 1.4340 0.2068 62.6N 159.3E 0 128
12 -28 2344 Feb 15 06:37:58 857 4256 P 1.4280 0.2178 62.0N 23.3E 0 119
13 -27 2362 Feb 25 15:02:03 918 4479 P 1.4190 0.2344 61.6N 111.3W 0 109
14 -26 2380 Mar 07 23:17:52 982 4702 P 1.4039 0.2615 61.3N 116.3E 0 100
15 -25 2398 Mar 19 07:27:08 1047 4925 P 1.3844 0.2965 61.2N 14.4W 0 91
16 -24 2416 Mar 29 15:24:54 1115 5148 P 1.3563 0.3466 61.2N 142.2W 0 82
17 -23 2434 Apr 09 23:15:24 1184 5371 P 1.3232 0.4058 61.4N 91.7E 0 73
18 -22 2452 Apr 20 06:54:27 1256 5594 P 1.2819 0.4797 61.8N 31.5W 0 64
19 -21 2470 May 01 14:25:40 1330 5817 P 1.2347 0.5638 62.3N 152.9W 0 55
20 -20 2488 May 11 21:45:56 1406 6040 P 1.1793 0.6626 62.9N 88.3E 0 46
21 -19 2506 May 24 04:59:35 1484 6263 P 1.1192 0.7695 63.7N 29.1W 0 37
22 -18 2524 Jun 03 12:04:40 1564 6486 P 1.0528 0.8873 64.5N 144.5W 0 28
23 -17 2542 Jun 14 19:03:09 1646 6709 A 0.9815 0.9737 74.8N 113.4E 10 30 540 01m30s
24 -16 2560 Jun 25 01:55:50 1730 6932 A 0.9063 0.9754 86.4N 91.3E 25 111 211 01m35s
25 -15 2578 Jul 06 08:44:44 1816 7155 A 0.8285 0.9753 78.8N 61.1E 34 183 159 01m45s
26 -14 2596 Jul 16 15:30:49 1904 7378 A 0.7487 0.9741 69.4N 32.6W 41 193 141 02m00s
27 -13 2614 Jul 28 22:14:49 1995 7601 A 0.6680 0.9721 60.2N 132.0W 48 196 135 02m21s
28 -12 2632 Aug 08 04:59:27 2087 7824 A 0.5886 0.9695 51.2N 126.5E 54 198 136 02m49s
29 -11 2650 Aug 19 11:45:23 2182 8047 A 0.5110 0.9663 42.4N 23.7E 59 199 141 03m21s
30 -10 2668 Aug 29 18:33:48 2278 8270 A 0.4360 0.9627 33.7N 80.2W 64 199 149 03m59s
31 -09 2686 Sep 10 01:25:58 2377 8493 A 0.3646 0.9587 25.3N 174.7E 68 199 160 04m41s
32 -08 2704 Sep 21 08:23:52 2477 8716 A 0.2985 0.9545 17.3N 68.2E 73 198 173 05m26s
33 -07 2722 Oct 02 15:28:06 2580 8939 A 0.2384 0.9501 9.7N 39.7W 76 197 188 06m12s
34 -06 2740 Oct 12 22:38:24 2685 9162 A 0.1837 0.9456 2.5N 148.8W 79 196 204 06m59s
35 -05 2758 Oct 24 05:56:58 2792 9385 A 0.1364 0.9412 4.0S 100.4E 82 194 220 07m44s
36 -04 2776 Nov 03 13:23:19 2901 9608 A 0.0956 0.9369 9.9S 11.8W 85 192 236 08m25s
37 -03 2794 Nov 14 20:57:54 3012 9831 Am 0.0620 0.9329 14.8S 125.4W 87 189 251 09m02s
38 -02 2812 Nov 25 04:39:02 3125 10054 A 0.0341 0.9292 18.9S 120.0E 88 185 266 09m33s
39 -01 2830 Dec 06 12:27:18 3240 10277 A 0.0124 0.9261 21.8S 4.1E 89 181 278 09m57s
40 00 2848 Dec 16 20:21:20 3358 10500 A -0.0045 0.9233 23.7S 112.7W 90 358 289 10m13s
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat. Long. Alt Azm Width Dur.
s ° ° ° ° km
41 01 2866 Dec 28 04:18:59 3477 10723 A -0.0184 0.9213 24.4S 129.9E 89 352 298 10m19s
42 02 2885 Jan 07 12:20:24 3598 10946 A -0.0289 0.9197 23.9S 11.5E 88 348 304 10m20s
43 03 2903 Jan 19 20:22:19 3722 11169 A -0.0391 0.9189 22.6S 107.2W 88 343 308 10m12s
44 04 2921 Jan 30 04:24:58 3848 11392 A -0.0482 0.9187 20.3S 133.7E 87 339 309 10m01s
45 05 2939 Feb 10 12:23:38 3975 11615 A -0.0607 0.9191 17.6S 15.2E 86 336 307 09m45s
46 06 2957 Feb 20 20:20:31 4105 11838 A -0.0746 0.9201 14.5S 103.0W 86 333 303 09m28s
47 07 2975 Mar 04 04:11:02 4237 12061 A -0.0939 0.9217 11.3S 140.1E 85 332 297 09m10s
48 08 2993 Mar 14 11:55:59 4371 12284 A -0.1176 0.9238 8.1S 24.5E 83 331 289 08m53s
49 09 3011 Mar 26 19:32:21 4506 12507 A -0.1483 0.9262 5.4S 88.9W 81 331 280 08m37s
50 10 3029 Apr 06 03:02:13 4644 12730 A -0.1845 0.9290 3.0S 159.4E 79 332 270 08m23s
51 11 3047 Apr 17 10:23:15 4785 12953 A -0.2282 0.9320 1.4S 50.0E 77 334 260 08m10s
52 12 3065 Apr 27 17:35:46 4927 13176 A -0.2791 0.9352 0.7S 57.2W 74 336 250 08m00s
53 13 3083 May 09 00:40:11 5071 13399 A -0.3368 0.9383 1.1S 162.4W 70 339 242 07m50s
54 14 3101 May 20 07:37:31 5217 13622 A -0.4003 0.9414 2.7S 94.1E 66 343 235 07m41s
55 15 3119 May 31 14:27:29 5366 13845 A -0.4701 0.9443 5.5S 8.0W 62 347 232 07m28s
56 16 3137 Jun 10 21:11:56 5516 14068 A -0.5449 0.9468 9.7S 109.1W 57 351 233 07m12s
57 17 3155 Jun 22 03:51:38 5669 14291 A -0.6235 0.9490 15.2S 150.3E 51 355 239 06m49s
58 18 3173 Jul 02 10:28:58 5823 14514 A -0.7041 0.9507 22.1S 49.4E 45 359 255 06m21s
59 19 3191 Jul 13 17:02:23 5980 14737 A -0.7881 0.9518 30.6S 51.7W 38 4 287 05m48s
60 20 3209 Jul 23 23:37:00 6138 14960 A -0.8711 0.9520 40.9S 154.7W 29 9 358 05m12s
61 21 3227 Aug 04 06:11:22 6299 15183 A -0.9544 0.9509 54.8S 97.9E 17 18 614 04m35s
62 22 3245 Aug 14 12:50:08 6462 15406 P -1.0345 0.9090 70.9S 28.9W 0 44
63 23 3263 Aug 25 19:30:46 6627 15629 P -1.1131 0.7727 71.6S 141.6W 0 56
64 24 3281 Sep 05 02:19:15 6794 15852 P -1.1856 0.6469 72.0S 103.2E 0 69
65 25 3299 Sep 16 09:12:44 6963 16075 P -1.2544 0.5273 72.2S 13.4W 0 83
66 26 3317 Sep 27 16:14:59 7134 16298 P -1.3165 0.4192 72.2S 132.4W 0 97
67 27 3335 Oct 08 23:24:26 7308 16521 P -1.3735 0.3201 72.0S 107.0E 0 110
68 28 3353 Oct 19 06:44:49 7483 16744 P -1.4222 0.2352 71.5S 16.1W 0 124
69 29 3371 Oct 30 14:13:52 7660 16967 P -1.4645 0.1617 70.8S 140.8W 0 137
70 30 3389 Nov 09 21:52:35 7840 17190 P -1.4998 0.1004 70.0S 92.7E 0 149
71 31 3407 Nov 22 05:40:53 8021 17413 P -1.5281 0.0512 69.0S 35.7W 0 161
72 32 3425 Dec 02 13:38:46 8205 17636 Pe -1.5498 0.0134 68.0S 165.8W 0 173
[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.
[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).
[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses .
[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to the Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is virtually identical to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.
The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..
The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).
The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:
A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.
Special thanks to Dan McGlaun for extracting the individual eclipse maps from the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 for use in this catalog and for preparing the Saros series animations from these maps.
The Besselian elements used in the predictions were kindly provided by Jean Meeus. All eclipse calculations are by Fred Espenak, and he assumes full responsibility for their accuracy. Some of the information presented on this web site is based on data originally published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000
Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:
"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)"
