The periodicity and recurrence of lunar (and solar) eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 15 centuries and contains 70 or more lunar eclipses.
Lunar eclipses of Saros 116 all occur at the Moon’s ascending node and the Moon moves southward with each eclipse. The series began with a penumbral eclipse near the northern edge of the penumbra on 0993 Mar 11. The series will end with a penumbral eclipse near the southern edge of the penumbra on 2291 May 14. The total duration of Saros series 116 is 1298.17 years. In summary:
First Eclipse = 0993 Mar 11 00:08:28 TD
Last Eclipse = 2291 May 14 04:20:25 TD
Duration of Saros 116 = 1298.17 Years
Saros 116 is composed of 73 lunar eclipses as follows:
| Lunar Eclipses of Saros 116 | |||
| Eclipse Type | Symbol | Number | Percent |
| All Eclipses | - | 73 | 100.0% |
| Penumbral | N | 29 | 39.7% |
| Partial | P | 17 | 23.3% |
| Total | T | 27 | 37.0% |
The 73 lunar eclipses in Saros 116 occur in the order of 9N 9P 27T 8P 20N which corresponds to:
9 Penumbral
9 Partial
27 Total
8 Partial
20 Penumbral
The longest and shortest eclipses of Saros 116 are as follows.
Longest Total Lunar Eclipse: 1696 May 16 Duration = 01h42m40s
Shortest Total Lunar Eclipse: 1317 Sep 21 Duration = 00h17m04s
Longest Partial Lunar Eclipse: 1804 Jul 22 Duration = 03h15m47s
Shortest Partial Lunar Eclipse: 1930 Oct 07 Duration = 00h38m18s
Longest Penumbral Lunar Eclipse: 1948 Oct 18 Duration = 04h39m41s
Shortest Penumbral Lunar Eclipse: 0993 Mar 11 Duration = 00h26m31s
The largest and smallest magnitude partial eclipses of Saros 116 are:
Largest Partial Lunar Eclipse: 1299 Sep 11 Magnitude = 0.9444
Smallest Partial Lunar Eclipse: 1930 Oct 07 Magnitude = 0.0252
Local circumstances at greatest eclipse[2] for every lunar eclipse of Saros 116 are presented in the following catalog. For eclipses occurring between the years -1999 to +3000 (2000 BCE to 3000 CE), the sequence number in the first column links to a eclipse geometry diagram and a map from Five Millennium Canon of Lunar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000. A detailed key and additional information about the catalog can be found at: Key to Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series.
TD of Phase
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Pen. Um. ---- Durations ----
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num Type QSE Gamma Mag. Mag. Pen. Par. Total
s m m m
01 -38 0993 Mar 11 00:08:28 1600 -12453 Nb a- 1.5408 0.0098 -0.9489 26.5 - -
02 -37 1011 Mar 22 08:13:07 1501 -12230 N a- 1.5000 0.0829 -0.8721 76.6 - -
03 -36 1029 Apr 01 16:09:21 1407 -12007 N a- 1.4523 0.1685 -0.7830 108.2 - -
04 -35 1047 Apr 13 00:00:20 1317 -11784 N a- 1.4005 0.2620 -0.6862 133.6 - -
05 -34 1065 Apr 23 07:42:38 1231 -11561 N a- 1.3416 0.3688 -0.5768 156.7 - -
06 -33 1083 May 04 15:21:46 1150 -11338 N a- 1.2799 0.4808 -0.4625 176.9 - -
07 -32 1101 May 14 22:54:41 1074 -11115 N a- 1.2128 0.6032 -0.3385 195.7 - -
08 -31 1119 May 26 06:25:57 1002 -10892 N a- 1.1443 0.7283 -0.2124 212.3 - -
09 -30 1137 Jun 05 13:52:59 934 -10669 N a- 1.0723 0.8603 -0.0800 227.7 - -
10 -29 1155 Jun 16 21:20:48 870 -10446 P a- 1.0007 0.9917 0.0511 241.2 48.9 -
11 -28 1173 Jun 27 04:47:42 810 -10223 P a- 0.9282 1.1252 0.1837 253.4 91.1 -
12 -27 1191 Jul 08 12:16:23 754 -10000 P a- 0.8572 1.2564 0.3133 264.2 116.9 -
13 -26 1209 Jul 18 19:47:15 702 -9777 P a- 0.7880 1.3845 0.4391 273.6 136.0 -
14 -25 1227 Jul 30 03:22:22 653 -9554 P a- 0.7224 1.5062 0.5580 281.8 150.7 -
15 -24 1245 Aug 09 11:02:11 607 -9331 P a- 0.6610 1.6206 0.6691 288.8 162.3 -
16 -23 1263 Aug 20 18:47:02 564 -9108 P a- 0.6041 1.7269 0.7717 294.9 171.6 -
17 -22 1281 Aug 31 02:38:37 524 -8885 P a- 0.5531 1.8227 0.8632 300.0 178.9 -
18 -21 1299 Sep 11 10:36:37 487 -8662 P a- 0.5076 1.9082 0.9444 304.4 184.7 -
19 -20 1317 Sep 21 18:41:57 452 -8439 T a- 0.4690 1.9815 1.0130 308.0 189.3 17.1
20 -19 1335 Oct 03 02:54:06 419 -8216 T p- 0.4364 2.0437 1.0705 311.1 192.8 39.1
21 -18 1353 Oct 13 11:14:11 389 -7993 T p- 0.4109 2.0928 1.1148 313.6 195.4 49.3
22 -17 1371 Oct 24 19:40:31 360 -7770 T p- 0.3911 2.1314 1.1490 315.8 197.4 55.7
23 -16 1389 Nov 04 04:12:46 332 -7547 T p- 0.3767 2.1601 1.1733 317.6 198.9 59.6
24 -15 1407 Nov 15 12:50:10 307 -7324 T p- 0.3670 2.1799 1.1892 319.2 199.9 62.1
25 -14 1425 Nov 25 21:31:52 282 -7101 T p- 0.3617 2.1914 1.1971 320.5 200.7 63.3
26 -13 1443 Dec 07 06:15:30 259 -6878 T p- 0.3582 2.1994 1.2020 321.7 201.3 64.1
27 -12 1461 Dec 17 15:00:00 238 -6655 T p- 0.3559 2.2049 1.2048 322.9 201.9 64.6
28 -11 1479 Dec 28 23:43:31 217 -6432 T p- 0.3535 2.2104 1.2083 324.0 202.5 65.2
29 -10 1498 Jan 08 08:25:32 198 -6209 T p- 0.3505 2.2168 1.2130 325.1 203.2 65.9
30 -09 1516 Jan 19 17:02:13 180 -5986 T p- 0.3438 2.2297 1.2248 326.4 204.2 67.6
31 -08 1534 Jan 30 01:34:32 163 -5763 T p- 0.3341 2.2478 1.2421 327.8 205.4 70.0
32 -07 1552 Feb 10 09:58:45 148 -5540 T p- 0.3183 2.2769 1.2708 329.5 207.2 73.5
33 -06 1570 Feb 20 18:16:30 135 -5317 T p- 0.2981 2.3142 1.3078 331.4 209.2 77.5
34 -05 1588 Mar 13 02:23:35 124 -5094 T+ p- 0.2698 2.3661 1.3596 333.5 211.6 82.5
35 -04 1606 Mar 24 10:23:18 112 -4871 T+ p- 0.2363 2.4276 1.4211 335.8 214.1 87.5
36 -03 1624 Apr 03 18:12:08 88 -4648 T+ pp 0.1945 2.5044 1.4977 338.1 216.8 92.5
37 -02 1642 Apr 15 01:52:19 60 -4425 T+ pp 0.1463 2.5930 1.5860 340.4 219.3 96.9
38 -01 1660 Apr 25 09:22:01 35 -4202 T+ pp 0.0901 2.6965 1.6890 342.5 221.4 100.5
39 00 1678 May 06 16:44:20 16 -3979 T+ pp 0.0285 2.8099 1.8015 344.3 223.0 102.5
40 01 1696 May 16 23:58:19 8 -3756 T- pp -0.0392 2.7910 1.7813 345.5 223.6 102.7
TD of Phase
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Pen. Um. ---- Durations ----
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num Type QSE Gamma Mag. Mag. Pen. Par. Total
s m m m
41 02 1714 May 29 07:05:03 10 -3533 T- pp -0.1120 2.6582 1.6468 346.1 223.1 100.3
42 03 1732 Jun 08 14:06:11 11 -3310 T- -p -0.1888 2.5185 1.5049 345.9 221.2 94.6
43 04 1750 Jun 19 21:03:03 13 -3087 T- -p -0.2684 2.3736 1.3573 344.7 217.7 84.6
44 05 1768 Jun 30 03:56:19 16 -2864 T -h -0.3499 2.2256 1.2062 342.6 212.5 68.0
45 06 1786 Jul 11 10:47:19 17 -2641 T -t -0.4324 2.0761 1.0530 339.3 205.2 36.3
46 07 1804 Jul 22 17:38:00 12 -2418 P -t -0.5141 1.9284 0.9011 335.0 195.8 -
47 08 1822 Aug 03 00:30:07 11 -2195 P -t -0.5938 1.7845 0.7526 329.8 184.2 -
48 09 1840 Aug 13 07:23:08 5 -1972 P -t -0.6716 1.6443 0.6074 323.5 170.0 -
49 10 1858 Aug 24 14:20:46 7 -1749 P -t -0.7446 1.5130 0.4707 316.7 153.4 -
50 11 1876 Sep 03 21:22:33 -4 -1526 P -t -0.8130 1.3904 0.3425 309.2 133.9 -
51 12 1894 Sep 15 04:31:25 -6 -1303 P -t -0.8748 1.2797 0.2261 301.7 110.9 -
52 13 1912 Sep 26 11:44:50 14 -1080 P -t -0.9320 1.1779 0.1183 293.9 81.7 -
53 14 1930 Oct 07 19:07:10 24 -857 P -t -0.9811 1.0906 0.0252 286.6 38.3 -
54 15 1948 Oct 18 02:35:41 29 -634 Nx -t -1.0245 1.0140 -0.0572 279.7 - -
55 16 1966 Oct 29 10:12:53 37 -411 N -t -1.0599 0.9517 -0.1249 273.7 - -
56 17 1984 Nov 08 17:56:08 54 -188 N -t -1.0899 0.8992 -0.1825 268.4 - -
57 18 2002 Nov 20 01:47:40 64 35 N -t -1.1126 0.8600 -0.2264 264.3 - -
58 19 2020 Nov 30 09:44:01 72 258 N -t -1.1309 0.8285 -0.2620 261.0 - -
59 20 2038 Dec 11 17:45:00 84 481 N -t -1.1448 0.8046 -0.2892 258.5 - -
60 21 2056 Dec 22 01:48:56 107 704 N -t -1.1559 0.7857 -0.3109 256.4 - -
61 22 2075 Jan 02 09:55:03 146 927 N -t -1.1642 0.7714 -0.3271 254.9 - -
62 23 2093 Jan 12 18:00:03 186 1150 N -t -1.1733 0.7553 -0.3444 253.1 - -
63 24 2111 Jan 25 02:03:07 229 1373 N -t -1.1833 0.7371 -0.3630 250.8 - -
64 25 2129 Feb 04 10:02:24 274 1596 N -t -1.1959 0.7140 -0.3858 247.6 - -
65 26 2147 Feb 15 17:57:14 320 1819 N -t -1.2114 0.6849 -0.4138 243.4 - -
66 27 2165 Feb 26 01:44:02 361 2042 N -t -1.2329 0.6447 -0.4524 237.1 - -
67 28 2183 Mar 09 09:24:16 401 2265 N -t -1.2592 0.5953 -0.4997 229.0 - -
68 29 2201 Mar 20 16:55:04 444 2488 N -t -1.2929 0.5323 -0.5602 217.8 - -
69 30 2219 Apr 01 00:18:15 489 2711 N -t -1.3322 0.4587 -0.6309 203.5 - -
70 31 2237 Apr 11 07:30:45 536 2934 N -t -1.3795 0.3702 -0.7163 184.3 - -
71 32 2255 Apr 22 14:36:07 585 3157 N -t -1.4324 0.2717 -0.8116 159.2 - -
72 33 2273 May 02 21:31:53 636 3380 N -t -1.4925 0.1598 -0.9205 123.2 - -
73 34 2291 May 14 04:20:25 690 3603 Ne -t -1.5580 0.0379 -1.0391 60.6 - -
[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.
[2]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when Moon passes closest to the axis of Earth's shadow.
The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..
The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).
The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:
A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.
The Besselian elements used in the predictions were kindly provided by Jean Meeus. All eclipse calculations are by Fred Espenak, and he assumes full responsibility for their accuracy. Some of the information presented on this web site is based on data originally published in Five Millennium Canon of Lunar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 and Five Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000.
Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:
"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)"
