Annular Solar Eclipses with Durations Exceeding 09m 00s

4001 to 5000 ( 4001 CE to 5000 CE )

Introduction

Eclipses of the Sun can only occur during the New Moon phase. It is then possible for the Moon's penumbral, umbral or antumbral shadows to sweep across Earth's surface thereby producing an eclipse. Not all New Moons result in a solar eclipse because the Moon's orbit is tilted about 5 degrees to Earth's about the Sun. Consequently, the Moon's shadows miss Earth at most New Moon's. Nevertheless, there are 2 to 5 solar eclipses every calendar year. There are four types of solar eclipses: partial, annular, total and hybrid[1]. For more information, see Basic Solar Eclipse Geometry.


Solar Eclipses: 4001 to 5000

During the 10 century period 4001 to 5000 ( 4001 CE to 5000 CE[2]), Earth will experience 2360 solar eclipses. The following table shows the number of eclipses of each type over this period.

Solar Eclipses: 4001 - 5000
Eclipse Type Symbol Number Percent
All Eclipses - 2360100.0%
PartialP 828 35.1%
AnnularA 821 34.8%
TotalT 653 27.7%
HybridH 58 2.5%

Annular and total eclipses can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes during the 50th century CE appears in the following three tables (no Hybrids are included since all are central with two limits).

Annular and Total Eclipses
Classification Number Percent
All 1474100.0%
Central (two limits) 1442 97.8%
Central (one limit) 19 1.3%
Non-Central (one limit) 13 0.9%
Annular Eclipses
Classification Number Percent
All Annular Eclipses 821100.0%
Central (two limits) 795 96.8%
Central (one limit) 15 1.8%
Non-Central (one limit) 11 1.3%
Total Eclipses
Classification Number Percent
All Total Eclipses 653100.0%
Central (two limits) 647 99.1%
Central (one limit) 4 0.6%
Non-Central (one limit) 2 0.3%

Long Annular Solar Eclipses

The longest central[3] solar eclipses of this period are:

          Longest Total   Solar Eclipse:    4009 Aug 04      Duration = 07m12s
          Longest Annular Solar Eclipse:    4885 Jan 20      Duration = 11m08s
          Longest Hybrid  Solar Eclipse:    4563 May 07      Duration = 01m38s

Long Annular Solar Eclipses are relatively rare. The following catalog lists concise details and local circumstances for all Annular Solar Eclipses with durations exceeding 09m 00s. The Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipses contains a detailed description and explanation of each item listed in the catalog. For eclipses from -1999 to +3000, the Catalog Number in the first column serves as a link to a global map of Earth showing the geographic visibility of each eclipse. The date and time of the eclipse are given at the instant of greatest eclipse[4] in Terrestrial Dynamical Time. The Saros Number in the sixth column links to a table listing all eclipses in the Saros series. The Key to Solar Eclipse Maps explains the features plotted on each map.

The data presented here are based in part on the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000.



Catalog of Long Annular Solar Eclipses: 4001 to 5000


                      TD of
Catalog  Calendar   Greatest          Luna Saros Ecl.           Ecl.                Sun Sun  Path Central
Number     Date      Eclipse     ΔT    Num  Num  Type  Gamma    Mag.   Lat.   Long. Alt Azm Width   Dur.
                                  s                                      °      °    °    °   km

-----  4009 Feb 08  11:53:05  14781  24849  192   A    0.7908  0.9213  36.5N  53.8E  37 165  483  09m08s
-----  4010 Jan 28  10:58:33  14794  24861  202   A    0.1134  0.9217  11.7S  78.2E  84 171  298  10m56s
-----  4028 Feb 08  19:01:23  15039  25084  202   A    0.1246  0.9224   8.0S  41.7W  83 168  295  10m42s
-----  4046 Feb 19  03:05:36  15286  25307  202   A    0.1349  0.9238   3.7S 162.1W  82 166  290  10m21s
-----  4064 Mar 01  11:07:22  15535  25530  202   A    0.1474  0.9258   1.0N  77.7E  82 164  282  09m53s
-----  4082 Mar 12  19:06:43  15786  25753  202   A    0.1623  0.9283   6.1N  42.0W  81 163  272  09m21s
-----  4273 Nov 23  15:48:14  18577  28124  208   A    0.5057  0.9315   8.9N  25.4E  60 196  294  09m05s
-----  4285 Apr 19  02:25:06  18751  28265  214   A   -0.3686  0.9315   9.7S 133.0W  68 346  274  09m07s
-----  4291 Dec 04  23:17:58  18852  28347  208   A    0.5448  0.9295  10.3N  86.7W  57 192  313  09m36s
-----  4300 Dec 25  12:09:35  18990  28459  227   A    0.9615  0.9136  50.9N  65.1E  15 170 1229  09m05s

-----  4303 May 01  09:56:24  19026  28488  214   A   -0.3308  0.9332   4.1S 113.7E  71 348  264  09m10s
-----  4309 Dec 16  06:55:45  19128  28570  208   A    0.5770  0.9279  12.0N 158.8E  55 188  331  10m00s
-----  4319 Jan 05  19:58:21  19267  28682  227   A    0.9386  0.9132  46.4N  55.0W  20 164  965  09m26s
-----  4321 May 11  17:20:15  19304  28711  214   A   -0.2873  0.9350   1.5N   2.6E  73 351  252  09m06s
-----  4327 Dec 27  14:42:11  19406  28793  208   A    0.6027  0.9266  14.0N  41.9E  53 184  346  10m12s
-----  4337 Jan 16  03:52:39  19547  28905  227   A    0.9197  0.9131  43.8N 176.1W  23 159  839  09m30s
-----  4346 Jan 06  22:33:54  19686  29016  208   A    0.6244  0.9258  16.5N  76.6W  51 179  358  10m13s
-----  4355 Jan 27  11:52:01  19828  29128  227   A    0.9048  0.9133  42.6N  61.8E  25 154  764  09m21s
-----  4364 Jan 18  06:33:10  19969  29239  208   A    0.6399  0.9256  19.2N 162.8E  50 175  364  10m01s
-----  4373 Feb 06  19:53:01  20111  29351  227   A    0.8907  0.9140  42.3N  60.4W  27 149  703  09m02s

-----  4382 Jan 28  14:36:09  20253  29462  208   A    0.6526  0.9258  22.4N  41.0E  49 171  367  09m39s
-----  4400 Feb 08  22:42:46  20539  29685  208   A    0.6627  0.9268  25.9N  81.7W  48 167  365  09m07s
-----  4495 Jan 10  06:32:26  22079  30859  220   A    0.0195  0.9307  20.7S 174.6E  89 177  260  09m13s
-----  4513 Jan 21  14:31:37  22378  31082  220   A    0.0361  0.9279  17.7S  56.7E  88 173  271  09m43s
-----  4531 Feb 01  22:35:06  22679  31305  220   A    0.0492  0.9257  14.2S  62.6W  87 170  280  10m04s
-----  4549 Feb 12  06:38:16  22982  31528  220   A    0.0620  0.9241  10.2S 177.7E  87 167  287  10m17s
-----  4567 Feb 23  14:43:00  23287  31751  220   A    0.0732  0.9232   5.7S  57.4E  86 165  291  10m22s
-----  4585 Mar 05  22:45:04  23594  31974  220   A    0.0860  0.9227   0.9S  62.5W  85 163  293  10m21s
-----  4603 Mar 18  06:44:25  23903  32197  220   A    0.1007  0.9229   4.3N 178.1E  84 163  292  10m15s
-----  4618 Nov 22  17:18:59  24173  32391  233   A    0.5381  0.9322  12.5N  20.7E  57 186  300  09m27s

-----  4621 Mar 28  14:38:27  24214  32420  220   A    0.1195  0.9236   9.7N  59.9E  83 163  290  10m04s
-----  4636 Dec 03  00:41:43  24486  32614  233   A    0.4927  0.9308   7.7N  90.4W  60 182  297  09m52s
-----  4639 Apr 08  22:27:27  24526  32643  220   A    0.1426  0.9248  15.3N  56.9W  82 164  286  09m48s
-----  4654 Dec 14  08:13:31  24800  32837  233   A    0.4543  0.9296   4.2N 156.8E  63 178  296  10m06s
-----  4657 Apr 19  06:09:05  24841  32866  220   A    0.1714  0.9264  21.0N 171.7W  80 165  281  09m27s
-----  4672 Dec 24  15:54:13  25117  33060  233   A    0.4224  0.9286   1.8N  42.1E  65 173  295  10m09s
-----  4675 Apr 30  13:43:06  25158  33089  220   A    0.2065  0.9283  26.7N  75.8E  78 167  275  09m00s
-----  4691 Jan 04  23:41:53  25436  33283  233   A    0.3960  0.9279   0.5N  74.0W  67 169  294  10m01s
-----  4709 Jan 16  07:36:35  25756  33506  233   A    0.3748  0.9275   0.4N 168.3E  68 165  292  09m45s
-----  4727 Jan 27  15:36:28  26079  33729  233   A    0.3573  0.9277   1.3N  49.4E  69 161  289  09m22s

-----  4780 Mar 11  16:33:51  27041  34386  223   A   -0.3684  0.9195  22.4S  56.7E  68 329  325  09m00s
-----  4798 Mar 23  00:30:45  27372  34609  223   A   -0.3859  0.9201  19.0S  61.3W  67 329  324  09m05s
-----  4812 Dec 08  11:23:56  27643  34791  226   A    0.4707  0.9334   5.2N 126.9E  62 190  281  09m11s
-----  4816 Apr 02  08:23:41  27705  34832  223   A   -0.4064  0.9212  16.0S 178.6W  66 331  322  09m10s
-----  4830 Dec 19  18:59:06  27977  35014  226   A    0.5074  0.9295   7.3N  13.7E  59 186  306  09m57s
-----  4834 Apr 13  16:09:51  28039  35055  223   A   -0.4322  0.9227  13.6S  65.9E  64 333  319  09m15s
-----  4848 Dec 30  02:40:42  28314  35237  226   A    0.5383  0.9259   9.8N 101.5W  57 182  331  10m34s
-----  4852 Apr 23  23:50:17  28376  35278  223   A   -0.4626  0.9246  12.0S  48.3W  62 335  316  09m18s
-----  4867 Jan 10  10:28:04  28652  35460  226   A    0.5639  0.9228  12.8N 141.6E  56 178  353  10m58s
-----  4870 May 05  07:21:26  28714  35501  223   A   -0.5007  0.9267  11.6S 160.1W  60 338  314  09m20s


Catalog of Long Annular Solar Eclipses: 4001 to 5000


                      TD of
Catalog  Calendar   Greatest          Luna Saros Ecl.           Ecl.                Sun Sun  Path Central
Number     Date      Eclipse     ΔT    Num  Num  Type  Gamma    Mag.   Lat.   Long. Alt Azm Width   Dur.
                                  s                                      °      °    °    °   km

-----  4885 Jan 20  18:21:06  28992  35683  226   A    0.5845  0.9202  16.0N  23.0E  54 174  372  11m08s
-----  4888 May 15  14:46:07  29055  35724  223   A   -0.5439  0.9290  12.2S  89.6E  57 342  313  09m18s
-----  4903 Feb 02  02:18:24  29334  35906  226   A    0.6010  0.9181  19.6N  96.8W  53 170  387  11m05s
-----  4906 May 27  22:01:50  29398  35947  223   A   -0.5941  0.9313  14.2S  18.6W  53 346  316  09m11s
-----  4921 Feb 12  10:18:29  29679  36129  226   A    0.6152  0.9168  23.6N 142.5E  52 166  398  10m51s
-----  4939 Feb 23  18:19:21  30025  36352  226   A    0.6287  0.9159  28.0N  21.6E  51 163  407  10m29s
-----  4957 Mar 06  02:20:41  30373  36575  226   A    0.6415  0.9158  32.7N  99.5W  50 160  413  10m01s
-----  4975 Mar 17  10:20:20  30724  36798  226   A    0.6555  0.9161  37.7N 139.9E  49 158  418  09m29s


Calendar

The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..


Predictions

The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).

The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:

  1. pre-1950's: ΔT calculated from empirical fits to historical records derived by Morrison and Stephenson (2004)
  2. 1955-present: ΔT obtained from published observations
  3. future: ΔT is extrapolated from current values weighted by the long term trend from tidal effects

A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.


Footnotes

[1] Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. (See: Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses)

[2] The terms BCE and CE are abbreviations for "Before Common Era" and "Common Era," respectively. They are the secular equivalents to the BC and AD dating conventions. (See: Year Dating Conventions )

[3] Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).

[4] Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to the Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is virtually identical to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.


Acknowledgments

Special thanks to Dan McGlaun for extracting the individual eclipse maps from the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 for use in this catalog.

The Besselian elements used in the predictions were kindly provided by Jean Meeus. All eclipse calculations are by Fred Espenak, and he assumes full responsibility for their accuracy. Some of the information presented on this web site is based on data originally published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000

Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:

"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)"


Eclipse Links

Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses

Ten Millennium Catalog of Long Solar Eclipses

Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series

World Atlas of Solar Eclipse Paths

2007 May 11