The periodicity and recurrence of solar eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses. Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole. For more information, see Periodicity of Solar Eclipses.
Solar eclipses of Saros 10 all occur at the Moon’s descending node and the Moon moves northward with each eclipse. The series began with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on -2467 Feb 28. The series ended with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on -1169 Apr 18. The total duration of Saros series 10 is 1298.17 years. In summary:
First Eclipse = -2467 Feb 28 08:05:14 TD
Last Eclipse = -1169 Apr 18 01:22:14 TD
Duration of Saros 10 = 1298.17 Years
Saros 10 is composed of 73 solar eclipses as follows:
| Solar Eclipses of Saros 10 | |||
| Eclipse Type | Symbol | Number | Percent |
| All Eclipses | - | 73 | 100.0% |
| Partial | P | 31 | 42.5% |
| Annular | A | 30 | 41.1% |
| Total | T | 9 | 12.3% |
| Hybrid[3] | H | 3 | 4.1% |
Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 10 appears in the following table.
| Umbral Eclipses of Saros 10 | ||
| Classification | Number | Percent |
| All Umbral Eclipses | 42 | 100.0% |
| Central (two limits) | 42 | 100.0% |
| Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
| Non-Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
The following string illustrates the sequence of the 73 eclipses in Saros 10: 8P 30A 3H 9T 23P
The longest and shortest central eclipses of Saros 10 as well as largest and smallest partial eclipses are listed in the below.
| Extreme Durations and Magnitudes of Solar Eclipses of Saros 10 | |||
| Extrema Type | Date | Duration | Magnitude |
| Longest Annular Solar Eclipse | -2215 Jul 29 | 08m33s | - |
| Shortest Annular Solar Eclipse | -1800 Apr 03 | 00m02s | - |
| Longest Total Solar Eclipse | -1692 Jun 07 | 01m38s | - |
| Shortest Total Solar Eclipse | -1584 Aug 11 | 00m51s | - |
| Longest Hybrid Solar Eclipse | -1746 May 06 | 01m16s | - |
| Shortest Hybrid Solar Eclipse | -1782 Apr 14 | 00m30s | - |
| Largest Partial Solar Eclipse | -1566 Aug 22 | - | 0.95668 |
| Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse | -2467 Feb 28 | - | 0.01331 |
The catalog below lists concise details and local circumstances at greatest eclipse[5] for every solar eclipse in Saros 10. A description or explanation of each parameter listed in the catalog can be found in Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.
Several fields in the catalog link to web pages or files containing additional information for each eclipse (for the years -1999 through +3000). The following gives a brief explanation of each link.
For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, see Animation of Saros 10.
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat Long Alt Width Dur.
s ° ° ° km
----- -34 -2467 Feb 28 08:05:14 58533 -55248 Pb -1.5553 0.0133 69.9S 86.3E 0
----- -33 -2449 Mar 11 14:52:36 58042 -55025 P -1.4952 0.1154 70.6S 30.5W 0
----- -32 -2431 Mar 21 21:30:34 57552 -54802 P -1.4275 0.2307 71.2S 145.4W 0
----- -31 -2413 Apr 02 04:01:13 57065 -54579 P -1.3540 0.3563 71.5S 101.2E 0
----- -30 -2395 Apr 12 10:25:40 56580 -54356 P -1.2755 0.4908 71.6S 10.9W 0
----- -29 -2377 Apr 23 16:44:10 56096 -54133 P -1.1919 0.6341 71.5S 121.4W 0
----- -28 -2359 May 03 23:00:27 55615 -53910 P -1.1061 0.7811 71.2S 128.8E 0
----- -27 -2341 May 15 05:14:50 55136 -53687 P -1.0181 0.9317 70.6S 19.8E 0
----- -26 -2323 May 25 11:30:10 54659 -53464 A -0.9306 0.9402 51.1S 108.9W 21 608 05m57s
----- -25 -2305 Jun 05 17:46:45 54184 -53241 A -0.8436 0.9417 38.1S 146.1E 32 401 06m41s
----- -24 -2287 Jun 16 00:07:59 53711 -53018 A -0.7599 0.9420 28.1S 43.7E 40 330 07m19s
----- -23 -2269 Jun 27 06:34:07 53240 -52795 A -0.6796 0.9415 20.0S 58.2W 47 295 07m51s
----- -22 -2251 Jul 07 13:06:30 52772 -52572 A -0.6040 0.9406 13.4S 160.6W 53 276 08m14s
----- -21 -2233 Jul 18 19:47:11 52305 -52349 A -0.5347 0.9393 8.3S 95.8E 58 266 08m28s
----- -20 -2215 Jul 29 02:36:52 51840 -52126 A -0.4724 0.9378 4.6S 9.4W 62 261 08m33s
----- -19 -2197 Aug 09 09:37:05 51378 -51903 A -0.4181 0.9360 2.4S 116.7W 65 260 08m32s
----- -18 -2179 Aug 19 16:46:14 50917 -51680 A -0.3707 0.9344 1.6S 133.9E 68 262 08m27s
----- -17 -2161 Aug 31 00:07:20 50459 -51457 A -0.3326 0.9327 2.1S 21.6E 71 265 08m20s
----- -16 -2143 Sep 10 07:37:20 50003 -51234 A -0.3011 0.9313 3.7S 93.0W 72 268 08m13s
----- -15 -2125 Sep 21 15:18:13 49548 -51011 A -0.2782 0.9302 6.3S 149.6E 74 270 08m06s
----- -14 -2107 Oct 01 23:06:32 49096 -50788 A -0.2607 0.9295 9.6S 30.2E 75 272 07m59s
----- -13 -2089 Oct 13 07:04:07 48646 -50565 A -0.2501 0.9294 13.5S 91.5W 75 272 07m51s
----- -12 -2071 Oct 23 15:06:44 48198 -50342 A -0.2430 0.9298 17.7S 145.6E 76 270 07m42s
----- -11 -2053 Nov 03 23:14:31 47752 -50119 A -0.2395 0.9309 22.0S 21.6E 76 266 07m32s
----- -10 -2035 Nov 14 07:24:29 47308 -49896 A -0.2371 0.9326 26.1S 102.5W 76 259 07m19s
----- -09 -2017 Nov 25 15:36:08 46866 -49673 A -0.2359 0.9350 29.9S 133.5E 76 249 07m03s
00002 -08 -1999 Dec 05 23:45:23 46426 -49450 A -0.2317 0.9382 32.9S 10.8E 76 236 06m44s
00045 -07 -1981 Dec 17 07:52:15 45989 -49227 A -0.2249 0.9420 35.0S 110.7W 77 220 06m21s
00088 -06 -1963 Dec 27 15:54:04 45553 -49004 A -0.2134 0.9464 35.9S 129.6E 77 202 05m54s
00131 -05 -1944 Jan 07 23:51:29 45120 -48781 A -0.1977 0.9514 35.5S 11.1E 78 182 05m24s
00174 -04 -1926 Jan 18 07:40:04 44688 -48558 A -0.1741 0.9570 33.5S 105.5W 80 159 04m50s
00218 -03 -1908 Jan 29 15:22:41 44259 -48335 A -0.1448 0.9628 30.3S 138.8E 81 136 04m13s
00262 -02 -1890 Feb 08 22:55:57 43831 -48112 A -0.1069 0.9690 25.8S 24.5E 84 112 03m32s
00307 -01 -1872 Feb 20 06:23:37 43406 -47889 A -0.0635 0.9753 20.3S 89.3W 86 88 02m49s
00354 00 -1854 Mar 02 13:41:30 42983 -47666 A -0.0113 0.9817 13.9S 158.6E 89 65 02m05s
00400 01 -1836 Mar 12 20:55:13 42562 -47443 A 0.0456 0.9880 6.9S 46.8E 87 43 01m22s
00445 02 -1818 Mar 24 04:01:15 42143 -47220 Am 0.1098 0.9939 0.8N 63.6W 84 21 00m40s
00491 03 -1800 Apr 03 11:04:05 41726 -46997 A 0.1778 0.9997 8.7N 173.4W 80 1 00m02s
00538 04 -1782 Apr 14 18:01:43 41311 -46774 H 0.2512 1.0049 17.1N 77.8E 75 17 00m30s
00583 05 -1764 Apr 25 00:58:42 40898 -46551 H 0.3262 1.0096 25.6N 30.8W 71 35 00m57s
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat Long Alt Width Dur.
s ° ° ° km
00628 06 -1746 May 06 07:54:16 40487 -46328 H 0.4033 1.0136 34.2N 138.8W 66 51 01m16s
00674 07 -1728 May 16 14:50:12 40079 -46105 T 0.4811 1.0170 42.8N 113.6E 61 66 01m30s
00721 08 -1710 May 27 21:48:23 39672 -45882 T 0.5580 1.0196 51.3N 6.4E 56 81 01m36s
00765 09 -1692 Jun 07 04:50:08 39268 -45659 T 0.6331 1.0216 59.6N 100.2W 50 95 01m38s
00809 10 -1674 Jun 18 11:56:44 38865 -45436 T 0.7047 1.0227 67.4N 155.1E 45 110 01m36s
00849 11 -1656 Jun 28 19:08:31 38465 -45213 T 0.7729 1.0231 74.4N 55.8E 39 125 01m31s
00890 12 -1638 Jul 10 02:27:59 38066 -44990 T 0.8355 1.0227 79.4N 30.3W 33 142 01m24s
00931 13 -1620 Jul 20 09:55:17 37670 -44767 T 0.8927 1.0217 79.8N 101.9W 26 166 01m16s
00972 14 -1602 Jul 31 17:30:59 37276 -44544 T 0.9438 1.0198 75.5N 172.5E 19 209 01m06s
01013 15 -1584 Aug 11 01:16:09 36884 -44321 T 0.9879 1.0164 68.0N 75.4E 8 414 00m51s
01054 16 -1566 Aug 22 09:11:28 36494 -44098 P 1.0244 0.9567 62.0N 40.2W 0
01095 17 -1548 Sep 01 17:16:45 36106 -43875 P 1.0539 0.9018 61.4N 172.2W 0
01135 18 -1530 Sep 13 01:30:42 35720 -43652 P 1.0771 0.8587 61.0N 53.9E 0
01175 19 -1512 Sep 23 09:54:09 35336 -43429 P 1.0935 0.8282 60.7N 82.3W 0
01215 20 -1494 Oct 04 18:25:40 34954 -43206 P 1.1040 0.8087 60.6N 139.5E 0
01255 21 -1476 Oct 15 03:04:02 34575 -42983 P 1.1097 0.7982 60.7N 0.3W 0
01295 22 -1458 Oct 26 11:47:51 34197 -42760 P 1.1115 0.7949 60.9N 141.5W 0
01336 23 -1440 Nov 05 20:35:39 33822 -42537 P 1.1108 0.7964 61.3N 76.2E 0
01377 24 -1422 Nov 17 05:26:18 33448 -42314 P 1.1083 0.8014 61.9N 66.9W 0
01418 25 -1404 Nov 27 14:16:25 33077 -42091 P 1.1066 0.8051 62.6N 149.9E 0
01459 26 -1386 Dec 08 23:06:43 32708 -41868 P 1.1054 0.8081 63.4N 6.5E 0
01501 27 -1368 Dec 19 07:53:14 32340 -41645 P 1.1072 0.8055 64.3N 136.3W 0
01543 28 -1350 Dec 30 16:36:22 31975 -41422 P 1.1125 0.7964 65.3N 81.4E 0
01585 29 -1331 Jan 10 01:12:33 31612 -41199 P 1.1238 0.7761 66.4N 59.6W 0
01628 30 -1313 Jan 21 09:43:54 31251 -40976 P 1.1394 0.7475 67.4N 160.1E 0
01672 31 -1295 Jan 31 18:07:10 30892 -40753 P 1.1619 0.7057 68.5N 21.4E 0
01716 32 -1277 Feb 12 02:23:05 30535 -40530 P 1.1908 0.6513 69.4N 116.1W 0
01760 33 -1259 Feb 22 10:30:26 30180 -40307 P 1.2271 0.5823 70.2N 107.9E 0
01806 34 -1241 Mar 05 18:30:45 29828 -40084 P 1.2695 0.5010 70.9N 26.8W 0
01851 35 -1223 Mar 16 02:23:20 29477 -39861 P 1.3184 0.4067 71.3N 160.0W 0
01896 36 -1205 Mar 27 10:08:41 29128 -39638 P 1.3732 0.3005 71.6N 68.3E 0
01941 37 -1187 Apr 06 17:48:03 28782 -39415 P 1.4330 0.1840 71.5N 62.0W 0
01987 38 -1169 Apr 18 01:22:14 28437 -39192 Pe 1.4971 0.0590 71.3N 169.3E 0
The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..
The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).
The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:
A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.
[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.
[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).
[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses .
[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is nearly equal to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.
The information presented on this web page is based on data published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 and Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000. The individual global maps appearing in links (both GIF an animation) were extracted from full page plates appearing in Five Millennium Canon by Dan McGlaun. The Besselian elements were provided by Jean Meeus. Fred Espenak assumes full responsibility for the accuracy of all eclipse calculations.
Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:
"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)"
