The periodicity and recurrence of solar eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses. Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole. For more information, see Periodicity of Solar Eclipses.
Solar eclipses of Saros 22 all occur at the Moon’s descending node and the Moon moves northward with each eclipse. The series began with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on -2174 May 28. The series ended with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on -0912 Jun 23. The total duration of Saros series 22 is 1262.11 years. In summary:
First Eclipse = -2174 May 28 16:19:32 TD
Last Eclipse = -0912 Jun 23 09:20:02 TD
Duration of Saros 22 = 1262.11 Years
Saros 22 is composed of 71 solar eclipses as follows:
| Solar Eclipses of Saros 22 | |||
| Eclipse Type | Symbol | Number | Percent |
| All Eclipses | - | 71 | 100.0% |
| Partial | P | 15 | 21.1% |
| Annular | A | 49 | 69.0% |
| Total | T | 5 | 7.0% |
| Hybrid[3] | H | 2 | 2.8% |
Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 22 appears in the following table.
| Umbral Eclipses of Saros 22 | ||
| Classification | Number | Percent |
| All Umbral Eclipses | 56 | 100.0% |
| Central (two limits) | 54 | 96.4% |
| Central (one limit) | 1 | 1.8% |
| Non-Central (one limit) | 1 | 1.8% |
The following string illustrates the sequence of the 71 eclipses in Saros 22: 8P 49A 2H 5T 7P
The longest and shortest central eclipses of Saros 22 as well as largest and smallest partial eclipses are listed in the below.
| Extreme Durations and Magnitudes of Solar Eclipses of Saros 22 | |||
| Extrema Type | Date | Duration | Magnitude |
| Longest Annular Solar Eclipse | -1940 Oct 15 | 07m17s | - |
| Shortest Annular Solar Eclipse | -1164 Jan 23 | 00m23s | - |
| Longest Total Solar Eclipse | -1056 Mar 28 | 01m49s | - |
| Shortest Total Solar Eclipse | -1110 Feb 24 | 01m13s | - |
| Longest Hybrid Solar Eclipse | -1128 Feb 14 | 00m46s | - |
| Shortest Hybrid Solar Eclipse | -1146 Feb 03 | 00m13s | - |
| Largest Partial Solar Eclipse | -2048 Aug 11 | - | 0.91352 |
| Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse | -0912 Jun 23 | - | 0.10165 |
The catalog below lists concise details and local circumstances at greatest eclipse[5] for every solar eclipse in Saros 22. A description or explanation of each parameter listed in the catalog can be found in Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.
Several fields in the catalog link to web pages or files containing additional information for each eclipse (for the years -1999 through +3000). The following gives a brief explanation of each link.
For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, see Animation of Saros 22.
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat Long Alt Width Dur.
s ° ° ° km
----- -34 -2174 May 28 16:19:32 50796 -51621 Pb -1.4759 0.1351 69.4S 178.6E 0
----- -33 -2156 Jun 07 22:58:36 50338 -51398 P -1.4019 0.2675 68.6S 64.9E 0
----- -32 -2138 Jun 19 05:38:30 49882 -51175 P -1.3285 0.3976 67.6S 48.6W 0
----- -31 -2120 Jun 29 12:22:18 49428 -50952 P -1.2588 0.5200 66.6S 162.4W 0
----- -30 -2102 Jul 10 19:10:02 48977 -50729 P -1.1926 0.6352 65.6S 83.2E 0
----- -29 -2084 Jul 21 02:04:49 48527 -50506 P -1.1322 0.7389 64.6S 32.5W 0
----- -28 -2066 Aug 01 09:06:16 48080 -50283 P -1.0775 0.8316 63.7S 149.5W 0
----- -27 -2048 Aug 11 16:14:37 47634 -50060 P -1.0286 0.9135 62.8S 92.1E 0
----- -26 -2030 Aug 22 23:31:56 47191 -49837 As -0.9874 0.9309 56.3S 17.1W 8 - 06m04s
----- -25 -2012 Sep 02 06:57:27 46750 -49614 A -0.9532 0.9283 50.1S 127.4W 17 878 06m37s
00014 -24 -1994 Sep 13 14:32:00 46310 -49391 A -0.9265 0.9249 48.2S 116.1E 22 733 06m57s
00057 -23 -1976 Sep 23 22:12:57 45873 -49168 A -0.9053 0.9215 48.2S 2.8W 25 678 07m10s
00099 -22 -1958 Oct 05 06:02:20 45438 -48945 A -0.8914 0.9183 49.8S 124.6W 27 664 07m16s
00142 -21 -1940 Oct 15 13:56:25 45005 -48722 A -0.8816 0.9156 52.3S 112.2E 28 662 07m17s
00185 -20 -1922 Oct 26 21:55:31 44574 -48499 A -0.8763 0.9134 55.6S 12.7W 28 671 07m15s
00229 -19 -1904 Nov 06 05:56:20 44145 -48276 A -0.8727 0.9118 59.4S 138.0W 29 680 07m10s
00273 -18 -1886 Nov 17 13:59:10 43719 -48053 A -0.8709 0.9109 63.5S 96.4E 29 688 07m03s
00319 -17 -1868 Nov 27 22:00:10 43294 -47830 A -0.8678 0.9107 67.8S 27.5W 29 686 06m55s
00366 -16 -1850 Dec 09 05:58:42 42871 -47607 A -0.8628 0.9113 72.0S 148.4W 30 673 06m47s
00412 -15 -1832 Dec 19 13:52:26 42451 -47384 A -0.8539 0.9126 76.0S 97.1E 31 646 06m40s
00457 -14 -1814 Dec 30 21:41:13 42032 -47161 A -0.8414 0.9146 78.8S 6.8W 32 608 06m34s
00503 -13 -1795 Jan 10 05:21:00 41616 -46938 A -0.8213 0.9173 79.0S 98.4W 34 556 06m29s
00549 -12 -1777 Jan 21 12:53:29 41201 -46715 A -0.7951 0.9205 75.8S 166.7E 37 501 06m26s
00594 -11 -1759 Jan 31 20:15:58 40789 -46492 A -0.7606 0.9242 70.3S 63.6E 40 443 06m25s
00639 -10 -1741 Feb 12 03:30:55 40379 -46269 A -0.7199 0.9282 63.6S 43.9W 44 390 06m24s
00685 -09 -1723 Feb 22 10:33:54 39971 -46046 A -0.6693 0.9324 56.1S 151.7W 48 340 06m23s
00731 -08 -1705 Mar 05 17:29:56 39565 -45823 A -0.6127 0.9367 48.0S 100.7E 52 297 06m22s
00775 -07 -1687 Mar 16 00:15:31 39161 -45600 A -0.5470 0.9410 39.5S 5.1W 57 260 06m20s
00819 -06 -1669 Mar 27 06:55:32 38759 -45377 A -0.4766 0.9451 30.8S 109.9W 61 229 06m14s
00860 -05 -1651 Apr 06 13:26:49 38359 -45154 A -0.3984 0.9490 21.9S 147.3E 66 203 06m06s
00901 -04 -1633 Apr 17 19:55:43 37961 -44931 A -0.3178 0.9527 13.0S 45.3E 71 182 05m53s
00942 -03 -1615 Apr 28 02:19:23 37566 -44708 A -0.2322 0.9558 4.1S 55.3W 77 165 05m37s
00983 -02 -1597 May 09 08:42:30 37172 -44485 A -0.1455 0.9587 4.5N 155.3W 82 152 05m18s
01024 -01 -1579 May 19 15:04:38 36780 -44262 A -0.0570 0.9609 12.9N 105.5E 87 142 04m58s
01065 00 -1561 May 30 21:29:33 36391 -44039 A 0.0299 0.9628 20.8N 6.4E 88 135 04m37s
01105 01 -1543 Jun 10 03:57:24 36004 -43816 Am 0.1152 0.9640 28.0N 92.6W 83 131 04m16s
01145 02 -1525 Jun 21 10:29:50 35618 -43593 A 0.1975 0.9649 34.5N 168.5E 78 129 03m58s
01185 03 -1507 Jul 01 17:09:19 35235 -43370 A 0.2750 0.9653 39.9N 69.1E 74 131 03m43s
01225 04 -1489 Jul 12 23:56:21 34854 -43147 A 0.3473 0.9653 44.1N 30.9W 69 134 03m31s
01265 05 -1471 Jul 23 06:52:23 34475 -42924 A 0.4129 0.9650 46.8N 132.1W 65 139 03m23s
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat Long Alt Width Dur.
s ° ° ° km
01305 06 -1453 Aug 03 13:57:48 34098 -42701 A 0.4715 0.9644 48.0N 124.7E 62 145 03m18s
01347 07 -1435 Aug 13 21:14:14 33723 -42478 A 0.5219 0.9637 47.8N 18.5E 58 153 03m16s
01388 08 -1417 Aug 25 04:41:00 33350 -42255 A 0.5647 0.9630 46.4N 91.3W 55 161 03m16s
01429 09 -1399 Sep 04 12:17:50 32979 -42032 A 0.6000 0.9624 44.2N 155.2E 53 168 03m18s
01470 10 -1381 Sep 15 20:05:29 32610 -41809 A 0.6273 0.9620 41.3N 37.7E 51 174 03m21s
01512 11 -1363 Sep 26 04:03:15 32243 -41586 A 0.6468 0.9619 38.1N 83.5W 49 177 03m25s
01554 12 -1345 Oct 07 12:09:59 31879 -41363 A 0.6600 0.9623 34.7N 152.3E 49 178 03m27s
01597 13 -1327 Oct 17 20:24:07 31516 -41140 A 0.6680 0.9631 31.2N 25.6E 48 175 03m29s
01640 14 -1309 Oct 29 04:45:07 31156 -40917 A 0.6711 0.9645 27.9N 103.2W 48 169 03m28s
01683 15 -1291 Nov 08 13:11:12 30797 -40694 A 0.6710 0.9665 24.8N 126.5E 48 159 03m23s
01728 16 -1273 Nov 19 21:39:42 30441 -40471 A 0.6696 0.9691 22.1N 4.3W 48 147 03m13s
01773 17 -1255 Nov 30 06:10:01 30087 -40248 A 0.6676 0.9723 20.0N 135.5W 48 132 02m59s
01819 18 -1237 Dec 11 14:39:08 29735 -40025 A 0.6673 0.9762 18.6N 93.6E 48 113 02m37s
01864 19 -1219 Dec 21 23:06:55 29385 -39802 A 0.6690 0.9806 18.1N 36.8W 48 93 02m10s
01909 20 -1200 Jan 02 07:29:23 29036 -39579 A 0.6758 0.9855 18.7N 166.0W 47 70 01m37s
01954 21 -1182 Jan 12 15:48:15 28691 -39356 A 0.6863 0.9908 20.2N 65.7E 47 45 01m00s
02000 22 -1164 Jan 23 23:59:47 28347 -39133 A 0.7031 0.9964 22.9N 61.1W 45 18 00m23s
02046 23 -1146 Feb 03 08:04:56 28005 -38910 H 0.7262 1.0022 26.8N 173.3E 43 11 00m13s
02092 24 -1128 Feb 14 16:01:43 27665 -38687 H 0.7569 1.0080 31.8N 49.2E 41 42 00m46s
02137 25 -1110 Feb 24 23:52:12 27327 -38464 T 0.7934 1.0136 37.9N 74.1W 37 76 01m13s
02180 26 -1092 Mar 07 07:35:15 26992 -38241 T 0.8367 1.0189 45.1N 163.0E 33 117 01m33s
02223 27 -1074 Mar 18 15:11:17 26658 -38018 T 0.8864 1.0236 53.5N 39.4E 27 173 01m46s
02266 28 -1056 Mar 28 22:41:17 26327 -37795 T 0.9420 1.0272 63.3N 89.5W 19 278 01m49s
02309 29 -1038 Apr 09 06:06:26 25997 -37572 T+ 1.0023 1.0034 71.6N 97.4E 0
02353 30 -1020 Apr 19 13:27:40 25670 -37349 P 1.0665 0.8845 71.3N 28.0W 0
02395 31 -1002 Apr 30 20:45:38 25345 -37126 P 1.1340 0.7582 70.8N 152.3W 0
02436 32 -0984 May 11 04:02:43 25022 -36903 P 1.2030 0.6278 70.1N 84.2E 0
02477 33 -0966 May 22 11:19:34 24701 -36680 P 1.2729 0.4947 69.3N 38.7W 0
02518 34 -0948 Jun 01 18:37:02 24381 -36457 P 1.3428 0.3608 68.4N 161.2W 0
02559 35 -0930 Jun 13 01:57:00 24064 -36234 P 1.4113 0.2293 67.4N 76.2E 0
02599 36 -0912 Jun 23 09:20:02 23750 -36011 Pe 1.4777 0.1017 66.4N 46.7W 0
The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..
The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).
The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:
A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.
[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.
[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).
[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses .
[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is nearly equal to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.
The information presented on this web page is based on data published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 and Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000. The individual global maps appearing in links (both GIF an animation) were extracted from full page plates appearing in Five Millennium Canon by Dan McGlaun. The Besselian elements were provided by Jean Meeus. Fred Espenak assumes full responsibility for the accuracy of all eclipse calculations.
Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:
"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)"
