The periodicity and recurrence of solar eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses. Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole. For more information, see Periodicity of Solar Eclipses.
Solar eclipses of Saros 84 all occur at the Moon’s descending node and the Moon moves northward with each eclipse. The series began with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on -0181 Apr 14. The series ended with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on 1099 May 22. The total duration of Saros series 84 is 1280.14 years. In summary:
First Eclipse = -0181 Apr 14 08:48:52 TD Last Eclipse = 1099 May 22 20:42:06 TD Duration of Saros 84 = 1280.14 Years
Saros 84 is composed of 72 solar eclipses as follows:
| Solar Eclipses of Saros 84 | |||
| Eclipse Type | Symbol | Number | Percent |
| All Eclipses | - | 72 | 100.0% |
| Partial | P | 17 | 23.6% |
| Annular | A | 1 | 1.4% |
| Total | T | 43 | 59.7% |
| Hybrid[3] | H | 11 | 15.3% |
Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 84 appears in the following table.
| Umbral Eclipses of Saros 84 | ||
| Classification | Number | Percent |
| All Umbral Eclipses | 55 | 100.0% |
| Central (two limits) | 55 | 100.0% |
| Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
| Non-Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
The following string illustrates the sequence of the 72 eclipses in Saros 84: 7P 1A 11H 43T 10P
The longest and shortest central eclipses of Saros 84 as well as largest and smallest partial eclipses are listed in the below.
| Extreme Durations and Magnitudes of Solar Eclipses of Saros 84 | |||
| Extrema Type | Date | Duration | Magnitude |
| Longest Annular Solar Eclipse | -0055 Jun 28 | 00m05s | - |
| Shortest Annular Solar Eclipse | -0055 Jun 28 | 00m05s | - |
| Longest Total Solar Eclipse | 0468 May 08 | 06m56s | - |
| Shortest Total Solar Eclipse | 0919 Feb 03 | 00m09s | - |
| Longest Hybrid Solar Eclipse | 0143 Oct 25 | 01m18s | - |
| Shortest Hybrid Solar Eclipse | -0037 Jul 09 | 00m24s | - |
| Largest Partial Solar Eclipse | 0937 Feb 14 | - | 0.96856 |
| Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse | 1099 May 22 | - | 0.04827 |
The catalog below lists concise details and local circumstances at greatest eclipse[5] for every solar eclipse in Saros 84. A description or explanation of each parameter listed in the catalog can be found in Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.
Several fields in the catalog link to web pages or files containing additional information for each eclipse (for the years -1999 through +3000). The following gives a brief explanation of each link.
For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, see Animation of Saros 84.
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat Long Alt Width Dur.
s ° ° ° km
04329 -35 -0181 Apr 14 08:48:52 12501 -26972 Pb -1.5134 0.0692 71.4S 165.8E 0
04372 -34 -0163 Apr 24 15:44:48 12290 -26749 P -1.4394 0.1987 70.9S 47.5E 0
04415 -33 -0145 May 05 22:36:34 12082 -26526 P -1.3604 0.3385 70.2S 69.3W 0
04458 -32 -0127 May 16 05:28:25 11878 -26303 P -1.2800 0.4823 69.4S 174.5E 0
04501 -31 -0109 May 27 12:19:21 11677 -26080 P -1.1974 0.6312 68.4S 59.1E 0
04544 -30 -0091 Jun 06 19:11:26 11480 -25857 P -1.1144 0.7821 67.4S 56.1W 0
04588 -29 -0073 Jun 18 02:06:24 11286 -25634 P -1.0323 0.9320 66.4S 171.4W 0
04633 -28 -0055 Jun 28 09:05:34 11095 -25411 A -0.9523 0.9991 48.5S 79.5E 17 10 00m05s
04678 -27 -0037 Jul 09 16:10:20 10907 -25188 H -0.8758 1.0041 37.3S 29.6W 29 30 00m24s
04724 -26 -0019 Jul 19 23:20:57 10722 -24965 H -0.8030 1.0076 30.2S 139.5W 36 44 00m45s
04770 -25 -0001 Jul 31 06:40:18 10538 -24742 H -0.7362 1.0101 25.6S 108.8E 42 50 00m59s
04815 -24 0017 Aug 10 14:07:44 10357 -24519 H -0.6750 1.0118 22.9S 4.6W 47 54 01m08s
04861 -23 0035 Aug 21 21:43:50 10178 -24296 H2 -0.6201 1.0130 21.7S 119.8W 52 56 01m13s
04906 -22 0053 Sep 01 05:29:38 10001 -24073 H2 -0.5723 1.0138 21.8S 122.6E 55 57 01m15s
04950 -21 0071 Sep 12 13:25:34 9826 -23850 H2 -0.5324 1.0142 23.1S 2.5E 58 57 01m15s
04994 -20 0089 Sep 22 21:31:16 9651 -23627 H2 -0.4994 1.0146 25.2S 119.9W 60 57 01m15s
05039 -19 0107 Oct 04 05:45:26 9478 -23404 H2 -0.4727 1.0149 28.1S 115.6E 62 57 01m15s
05084 -18 0125 Oct 14 14:08:53 9306 -23181 H2 -0.4532 1.0153 31.5S 10.9W 63 58 01m16s
05128 -17 0143 Oct 25 22:40:07 9134 -22958 H2 -0.4397 1.0158 35.1S 139.1W 64 60 01m18s
05171 -16 0161 Nov 05 07:17:14 8963 -22735 T -0.4303 1.0168 38.8S 91.9E 64 63 01m22s
05212 -15 0179 Nov 16 15:59:19 8792 -22512 T -0.4248 1.0180 42.3S 37.6W 65 68 01m27s
05253 -14 0197 Nov 27 00:44:28 8621 -22289 T -0.4213 1.0198 45.2S 167.0W 65 75 01m35s
05294 -13 0215 Dec 08 09:31:55 8450 -22066 T -0.4194 1.0220 47.3S 64.0E 65 83 01m46s
05335 -12 0233 Dec 18 18:17:54 8278 -21843 T -0.4161 1.0249 48.2S 64.0W 65 93 02m00s
05376 -11 0251 Dec 30 03:03:44 8106 -21620 T -0.4123 1.0281 48.0S 168.3E 65 105 02m16s
05417 -10 0270 Jan 09 11:45:03 7934 -21397 T -0.4047 1.0320 46.3S 41.2E 66 118 02m35s
05457 -09 0288 Jan 20 20:22:45 7761 -21174 T -0.3936 1.0362 43.4S 85.8W 67 133 02m57s
05497 -08 0306 Jan 31 04:53:16 7587 -20951 T -0.3761 1.0408 39.3S 147.7E 68 147 03m23s
05536 -07 0324 Feb 11 13:18:54 7412 -20728 T -0.3543 1.0457 34.3S 21.2E 69 163 03m50s
05576 -06 0342 Feb 21 21:36:39 7237 -20505 T -0.3256 1.0507 28.6S 104.3W 71 177 04m20s
05616 -05 0360 Mar 04 05:47:15 7060 -20282 T -0.2905 1.0557 22.4S 131.2E 73 192 04m50s
05657 -04 0378 Mar 15 13:50:01 6883 -20059 T -0.2483 1.0606 15.6S 8.1E 76 205 05m21s
05698 -03 0396 Mar 25 21:46:08 6705 -19836 T -0.2001 1.0653 8.6S 113.6W 78 218 05m50s
05739 -02 0414 Apr 06 05:35:10 6527 -19613 T -0.1457 1.0696 1.4S 126.3E 82 229 06m16s
05780 -01 0432 Apr 16 13:17:57 6348 -19390 T -0.0858 1.0734 5.9N 7.9E 85 239 06m37s
05820 00 0450 Apr 27 20:55:28 6170 -19167 T -0.0211 1.0765 13.2N 109.0W 89 248 06m50s
05862 01 0468 May 08 04:28:58 5992 -18944 Tm 0.0474 1.0789 20.2N 135.7E 87 255 06m56s
05905 02 0486 May 19 11:58:26 5815 -18721 T 0.1193 1.0806 27.0N 22.1E 83 262 06m54s
05949 03 0504 May 29 19:26:16 5639 -18498 T 0.1927 1.0813 33.3N 90.2W 79 267 06m44s
05993 04 0522 Jun 10 02:52:34 5462 -18275 T 0.2675 1.0812 38.9N 159.1E 74 272 06m28s
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat Long Alt Width Dur.
s ° ° ° km
06038 05 0540 Jun 20 10:19:58 5286 -18052 T 0.3414 1.0801 43.7N 49.4E 70 275 06m07s
06085 06 0558 Jul 01 17:47:13 5112 -17829 T 0.4153 1.0783 47.5N 59.0W 65 278 05m45s
06131 07 0576 Jul 12 01:18:44 4939 -17606 T 0.4856 1.0755 50.0N 167.5W 61 280 05m21s
06177 08 0594 Jul 23 08:52:46 4767 -17383 T 0.5537 1.0720 51.3N 83.9E 56 280 04m58s
06222 09 0612 Aug 02 16:33:18 4597 -17160 T 0.6163 1.0679 51.5N 26.5W 52 280 04m35s
06267 10 0630 Aug 14 00:17:53 4428 -16937 T 0.6751 1.0631 50.9N 138.7W 47 278 04m13s
06312 11 0648 Aug 24 08:10:54 4260 -16714 T 0.7270 1.0579 49.8N 105.7E 43 274 03m52s
06359 12 0666 Sep 04 16:09:34 4094 -16491 T 0.7740 1.0524 48.5N 12.3W 39 269 03m31s
06404 13 0684 Sep 15 00:16:17 3930 -16268 T 0.8140 1.0468 47.2N 133.6W 35 263 03m11s
06448 14 0702 Sep 26 08:29:49 3768 -16045 T 0.8481 1.0410 46.2N 102.4E 32 253 02m51s
06491 15 0720 Oct 06 16:51:39 3609 -15822 T 0.8749 1.0355 45.5N 24.8W 29 241 02m32s
06533 16 0738 Oct 18 01:19:49 3451 -15599 T 0.8964 1.0302 45.0N 154.4W 26 226 02m13s
06575 17 0756 Oct 28 09:53:47 3297 -15376 T 0.9127 1.0254 44.9N 73.6E 24 208 01m55s
06616 18 0774 Nov 08 18:33:10 3145 -15153 T 0.9242 1.0210 45.0N 60.4W 22 186 01m38s
06658 19 0792 Nov 19 03:16:47 2996 -14930 T 0.9316 1.0172 45.2N 163.8E 21 162 01m23s
06699 20 0810 Nov 30 12:02:24 2851 -14707 T 0.9373 1.0139 45.7N 27.2E 20 138 01m08s
06740 21 0828 Dec 10 20:49:00 2709 -14484 T 0.9416 1.0113 46.6N 110.0W 19 117 00m56s
06779 22 0846 Dec 22 05:34:51 2570 -14261 T 0.9462 1.0090 48.0N 112.8E 18 98 00m45s
06819 23 0865 Jan 01 14:19:03 2436 -14038 T 0.9518 1.0073 50.1N 24.4W 17 84 00m36s
06859 24 0883 Jan 12 22:58:13 2305 -13815 T 0.9609 1.0057 53.3N 160.9W 15 73 00m27s
06899 25 0901 Jan 23 07:33:16 2179 -13592 T 0.9731 1.0042 57.8N 62.0E 13 67 00m19s
06939 26 0919 Feb 03 16:00:53 2056 -13369 T 0.9909 1.0020 65.2N 78.9W 6 62 00m09s
06980 27 0937 Feb 14 00:21:18 1938 -13146 P 1.0142 0.9686 71.1N 132.6E 0
07021 28 0955 Feb 25 08:32:13 1825 -12923 P 1.0447 0.9127 71.7N 4.3W 0
07062 29 0973 Mar 07 16:34:55 1716 -12700 P 1.0813 0.8457 72.0N 139.5W 0
07102 30 0991 Mar 19 00:28:00 1612 -12477 P 1.1249 0.7658 72.0N 87.6E 0
07144 31 1009 Mar 29 08:11:00 1512 -12254 P 1.1762 0.6719 71.8N 42.7W 0
07186 32 1027 Apr 09 15:45:07 1417 -12031 P 1.2337 0.5664 71.4N 170.4W 0
07228 33 1045 Apr 19 23:10:13 1326 -11808 P 1.2979 0.4491 70.7N 64.7E 0
07272 34 1063 May 01 06:27:56 1240 -11585 P 1.3668 0.3234 69.9N 57.8W 0
07316 35 1081 May 11 13:37:25 1159 -11362 P 1.4413 0.1880 69.0N 177.6W 0
07361 36 1099 May 22 20:42:06 1082 -11139 Pe 1.5185 0.0483 68.1N 64.4E 0
The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..
The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).
The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:
A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.
[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.
[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).
[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses .
[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is nearly equal to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.
The information presented on this web page is based on data published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 and Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000. The individual global maps appearing in links (both GIF an animation) were extracted from full page plates appearing in Five Millennium Canon by Dan McGlaun. The Besselian elements were provided by Jean Meeus. Fred Espenak assumes full responsibility for the accuracy of all eclipse calculations.
Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:
"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)"
