The periodicity and recurrence of solar eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses. Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole. For more information, see Periodicity of Solar Eclipses.
Solar eclipses of Saros 180 all occur at the Moon’s descending node and the Moon moves northward with each eclipse. The series will begin with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on 2760 Apr 08. The series will end with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on 4004 May 02. The total duration of Saros series 180 is 1244.08 years. In summary:
First Eclipse = 2760 Apr 08 03:22:07 TD Last Eclipse = 4004 May 02 19:04:50 TD Duration of Saros 180 = 1244.08 Years
Saros 180 is composed of 70 solar eclipses as follows:
| Solar Eclipses of Saros 180 | |||
| Eclipse Type | Symbol | Number | Percent |
| All Eclipses | - | 70 | 100.0% |
| Partial | P | 30 | 42.9% |
| Annular | A | 33 | 47.1% |
| Total | T | 5 | 7.1% |
| Hybrid[3] | H | 2 | 2.9% |
Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 180 appears in the following table.
| Umbral Eclipses of Saros 180 | ||
| Classification | Number | Percent |
| All Umbral Eclipses | 40 | 100.0% |
| Central (two limits) | 39 | 97.5% |
| Central (one limit) | 1 | 2.5% |
| Non-Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
The following string illustrates the sequence of the 70 eclipses in Saros 180: 10P 5T 2H 33A 20P
The longest and shortest central eclipses of Saros 180 as well as largest and smallest partial eclipses are listed in the below.
| Extreme Durations and Magnitudes of Solar Eclipses of Saros 180 | |||
| Extrema Type | Date | Duration | Magnitude |
| Longest Annular Solar Eclipse | 3373 Apr 15 | 06m32s | - |
| Shortest Annular Solar Eclipse | 3066 Oct 11 | 00m10s | - |
| Longest Total Solar Eclipse | 2958 Aug 06 | 01m58s | - |
| Shortest Total Solar Eclipse | 3012 Sep 08 | 01m09s | - |
| Longest Hybrid Solar Eclipse | 3030 Sep 19 | 00m45s | - |
| Shortest Hybrid Solar Eclipse | 3048 Sep 30 | 00m18s | - |
| Largest Partial Solar Eclipse | 2922 Jul 16 | - | 0.97132 |
| Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse | 4004 May 02 | - | 0.03496 |
The catalog below lists concise details and local circumstances at greatest eclipse[5] for every solar eclipse in Saros 180. A description or explanation of each parameter listed in the catalog can be found in Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.
Several fields in the catalog link to web pages or files containing additional information for each eclipse (for the years -1999 through +3000). The following gives a brief explanation of each link.
For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, see Animation of Saros 180.
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat Long Alt Width Dur.
s ° ° ° km
11295 -37 2760 Apr 08 03:22:07 2801 9403 Pb -1.5099 0.0484 71.7S 151.0W 0
11340 -36 2778 Apr 19 11:29:53 2910 9626 P -1.4770 0.1100 71.2S 74.0E 0
11385 -35 2796 Apr 29 19:28:58 3021 9849 P -1.4377 0.1839 70.5S 58.4W 0
11430 -34 2814 May 11 03:19:42 3134 10072 P -1.3923 0.2696 69.7S 171.9E 0
11475 -33 2832 May 21 11:02:59 3250 10295 P -1.3411 0.3662 68.7S 44.7E 0
11521 -32 2850 Jun 01 18:39:24 3367 10518 P -1.2846 0.4728 67.8S 80.3W 0
11567 -31 2868 Jun 12 02:08:55 3487 10741 P -1.2230 0.5889 66.8S 157.0E 0
11614 -30 2886 Jun 23 09:33:12 3608 10964 P -1.1577 0.7117 65.8S 36.1E 0
11661 -29 2904 Jul 04 16:52:58 3732 11187 P -1.0890 0.8402 64.8S 83.3W 0
11706 -28 2922 Jul 16 00:09:45 3858 11410 P -1.0185 0.9713 64.0S 158.3E 0
11751 -27 2940 Jul 26 07:23:06 3986 11633 T -0.9456 1.0244 48.0S 60.3E 18 256 01m56s
11795 -26 2958 Aug 06 14:36:40 4115 11856 T -0.8736 1.0235 40.0S 45.9W 29 161 01m58s
11839 -25 2976 Aug 16 21:49:43 4247 12079 T -0.8016 1.0210 35.2S 152.8W 36 117 01m48s
11883 -24 2994 Aug 28 05:05:38 4381 12302 T -0.7327 1.0176 32.5S 99.3E 43 87 01m31s
----- -23 3012 Sep 08 12:22:53 4518 12525 T -0.6655 1.0134 31.1S 8.8W 48 60 01m09s
----- -22 3030 Sep 19 19:45:50 4656 12748 H -0.6036 1.0087 31.0S 118.2W 53 37 00m45s
----- -21 3048 Sep 30 03:12:27 4796 12971 H -0.5453 1.0034 31.7S 131.6E 57 14 00m18s
----- -20 3066 Oct 11 10:45:14 4938 13194 A -0.4930 0.9980 32.9S 20.2E 60 8 00m10s
----- -19 3084 Oct 21 18:23:57 5083 13417 A -0.4461 0.9923 34.6S 92.5W 63 30 00m41s
----- -18 3102 Nov 03 02:10:00 5229 13640 A -0.4062 0.9866 36.5S 153.3E 66 51 01m13s
----- -17 3120 Nov 13 10:02:55 5378 13863 A -0.3725 0.9809 38.2S 37.9E 68 73 01m46s
----- -16 3138 Nov 24 18:01:22 5528 14086 A -0.3440 0.9756 39.7S 78.5W 70 93 02m19s
----- -15 3156 Dec 05 02:07:04 5681 14309 A -0.3225 0.9704 40.7S 163.7E 71 112 02m53s
----- -14 3174 Dec 16 10:17:28 5836 14532 A -0.3059 0.9657 41.0S 44.9E 72 130 03m26s
----- -13 3192 Dec 26 18:32:48 5992 14755 A -0.2937 0.9615 40.4S 75.0W 73 146 03m58s
----- -12 3211 Jan 07 02:49:49 6151 14978 A -0.2840 0.9578 39.0S 164.4E 73 160 04m27s
----- -11 3229 Jan 17 11:09:39 6312 15201 A -0.2771 0.9546 36.8S 42.6E 74 172 04m53s
----- -10 3247 Jan 28 19:28:43 6475 15424 A -0.2705 0.9521 33.7S 79.6W 74 182 05m16s
----- -09 3265 Feb 08 03:46:31 6640 15647 A -0.2636 0.9502 29.9S 157.7E 75 189 05m35s
----- -08 3283 Feb 19 12:00:36 6808 15870 A -0.2544 0.9488 25.5S 35.2E 75 194 05m52s
----- -07 3301 Mar 02 20:10:47 6977 16093 A -0.2424 0.9479 20.6S 86.9W 76 197 06m05s
----- -06 3319 Mar 14 04:14:01 7148 16316 A -0.2252 0.9476 15.2S 152.3E 77 197 06m16s
----- -05 3337 Mar 24 12:10:12 7322 16539 A -0.2028 0.9476 9.6S 32.8E 78 196 06m24s
----- -04 3355 Apr 04 19:57:46 7497 16762 A -0.1738 0.9480 3.7S 84.7W 80 194 06m29s
----- -03 3373 Apr 15 03:37:29 7675 16985 A -0.1391 0.9486 2.3N 159.7E 82 191 06m32s
----- -02 3391 Apr 26 11:05:54 7854 17208 Am -0.0952 0.9494 8.4N 47.1E 85 187 06m30s
----- -01 3409 May 07 18:26:19 8036 17431 A -0.0453 0.9501 14.5N 63.1W 87 183 06m25s
----- 00 3427 May 19 01:35:56 8220 17654 A 0.0132 0.9509 20.5N 170.2W 89 180 06m15s
----- 01 3445 May 29 08:38:34 8406 17877 A 0.0767 0.9514 26.2N 85.1E 85 178 06m02s
----- 02 3463 Jun 09 15:30:20 8593 18100 A 0.1487 0.9518 31.6N 16.0W 81 179 05m46s
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat Long Alt Width Dur.
s ° ° ° km
----- 03 3481 Jun 19 22:17:21 8783 18323 A 0.2240 0.9518 36.3N 114.9W 77 181 05m30s
----- 04 3499 Jul 01 04:56:20 8975 18546 A 0.3058 0.9515 40.5N 149.3E 72 187 05m16s
----- 05 3517 Jul 12 11:32:07 9170 18769 A 0.3895 0.9508 43.9N 55.3E 67 196 05m04s
----- 06 3535 Jul 23 18:02:43 9366 18992 A 0.4770 0.9496 46.5N 36.5W 61 210 04m57s
----- 07 3553 Aug 03 00:33:22 9564 19215 A 0.5639 0.9479 48.3N 127.8W 55 230 04m54s
----- 08 3571 Aug 14 07:02:23 9764 19438 A 0.6519 0.9457 49.6N 141.7E 49 261 04m56s
----- 09 3589 Aug 24 13:33:05 9967 19661 A 0.7381 0.9430 50.8N 51.0E 42 307 05m02s
----- 10 3607 Sep 04 20:06:06 10171 19884 A 0.8220 0.9396 52.1N 39.9W 34 384 05m11s
----- 11 3625 Sep 15 02:44:00 10378 20107 A 0.9016 0.9356 54.3N 130.5W 25 542 05m21s
----- 12 3643 Sep 26 09:27:22 10586 20330 An 0.9764 0.9302 58.5N 144.6E 12 - 05m27s
----- 13 3661 Oct 06 16:17:07 10797 20553 P 1.0457 0.8806 61.3N 57.3E 0
----- 14 3679 Oct 17 23:14:54 11010 20776 P 1.1084 0.7737 61.6N 54.9W 0
----- 15 3697 Oct 28 06:20:34 11225 20999 P 1.1646 0.6785 62.0N 169.2W 0
----- 16 3715 Nov 09 13:34:34 11442 21222 P 1.2136 0.5955 62.6N 74.3E 0
----- 17 3733 Nov 19 20:57:38 11661 21445 P 1.2553 0.5254 63.4N 44.7W 0
----- 18 3751 Dec 01 04:29:25 11882 21668 P 1.2898 0.4676 64.2N 166.0W 0
----- 19 3769 Dec 11 12:09:51 12105 21891 P 1.3174 0.4215 65.2N 70.1E 0
----- 20 3787 Dec 22 19:56:35 12330 22114 P 1.3400 0.3837 66.2N 55.7W 0
----- 21 3806 Jan 03 03:51:05 12557 22337 P 1.3564 0.3565 67.3N 176.2E 0
----- 22 3824 Jan 14 11:50:06 12787 22560 P 1.3689 0.3355 68.4N 46.4E 0
----- 23 3842 Jan 24 19:53:24 13018 22783 P 1.3785 0.3193 69.4N 85.2W 0
----- 24 3860 Feb 05 03:57:58 13251 23006 P 1.3874 0.3043 70.4N 142.4E 0
----- 25 3878 Feb 15 12:04:05 13487 23229 P 1.3952 0.2908 71.2N 8.9E 0
----- 26 3896 Feb 26 20:09:05 13725 23452 P 1.4043 0.2751 71.8N 125.0W 0
----- 27 3914 Mar 10 04:11:17 13964 23675 P 1.4157 0.2551 72.2N 101.4E 0
----- 28 3932 Mar 20 12:09:50 14206 23898 P 1.4305 0.2292 72.3N 31.5W 0
----- 29 3950 Mar 31 20:03:09 14450 24121 P 1.4499 0.1951 72.2N 163.1W 0
----- 30 3968 Apr 11 03:50:42 14696 24344 P 1.4742 0.1524 71.8N 67.0E 0
----- 31 3986 Apr 22 11:30:56 14944 24567 P 1.5047 0.0986 71.2N 60.5W 0
----- 32 4004 May 02 19:04:50 15194 24790 Pe 1.5404 0.0350 70.4N 174.2E 0
The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..
The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).
The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:
A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.
[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.
[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).
[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses .
[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is nearly equal to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.
The information presented on this web page is based on data published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 and Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000. The individual global maps appearing in links (both GIF an animation) were extracted from full page plates appearing in Five Millennium Canon by Dan McGlaun. The Besselian elements were provided by Jean Meeus. Fred Espenak assumes full responsibility for the accuracy of all eclipse calculations.
Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:
"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)"
