Hybrid Solar Eclipses with Durations Exceeding 01m 00s

0001 to 1000 ( 1 CE to 1000 CE )

Introduction

Eclipses of the Sun can only occur during the New Moon phase. It is then possible for the Moon's penumbral, umbral or antumbral shadows to sweep across Earth's surface thereby producing an eclipse. Not all New Moons result in a solar eclipse because the Moon's orbit is tilted about 5 degrees to Earth's about the Sun. Consequently, the Moon's shadows miss Earth at most New Moon's. Nevertheless, there are 2 to 5 solar eclipses every calendar year. There are four types of solar eclipses: partial, annular, total and hybrid[1]. For more information, see Basic Solar Eclipse Geometry.


Solar Eclipses: 0001 to 1000

During the 10 century period 0001 to 1000 ( 1 CE to 1000 CE[2]), Earth experienced 2351 solar eclipses. The following table shows the number of eclipses of each type over this period.

Solar Eclipses: 0001 - 1000
Eclipse Type Symbol Number Percent
All Eclipses - 2351100.0%
PartialP 816 34.7%
AnnularA 809 34.4%
TotalT 652 27.7%
HybridH 74 3.1%

Annular and total eclipses can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes during the 10th century CE appears in the following three tables (no Hybrids are included since all are central with two limits).

Annular and Total Eclipses
Classification Number Percent
All 1461100.0%
Central (two limits) 1420 97.2%
Central (one limit) 19 1.3%
Non-Central (one limit) 22 1.5%
Annular Eclipses
Classification Number Percent
All Annular Eclipses 809100.0%
Central (two limits) 777 96.0%
Central (one limit) 15 1.9%
Non-Central (one limit) 17 2.1%
Total Eclipses
Classification Number Percent
All Total Eclipses 652100.0%
Central (two limits) 643 98.6%
Central (one limit) 4 0.6%
Non-Central (one limit) 5 0.8%

Long Hybrid Solar Eclipses

The longest central[3] solar eclipses of this period are:

          Longest Total   Solar Eclipse:    0363 Jun 27      Duration = 07m24s
          Longest Annular Solar Eclipse:    0150 Dec 07      Duration = 12m23s
          Longest Hybrid  Solar Eclipse:    0508 Sep 11      Duration = 01m45s

Long Hybrid Solar Eclipses are relatively rare. The following catalog lists concise details and local circumstances for all Hybrid Solar Eclipses with durations exceeding 01m 00s. The Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipses contains a detailed description and explanation of each item listed in the catalog. For eclipses from -1999 to +3000, the Catalog Number in the first column serves as a link to a global map of Earth showing the geographic visibility of each eclipse. The date and time of the eclipse are given at the instant of greatest eclipse[4] in Terrestrial Dynamical Time. The Saros Number in the sixth column links to a table listing all eclipses in the Saros series. The Key to Solar Eclipse Maps explains the features plotted on each map.

The data presented here are based in part on the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000.



Catalog of Long Hybrid Solar Eclipses: 0001 to 1000


                      TD of
Catalog  Calendar   Greatest          Luna Saros Ecl.           Ecl.                Sun Sun  Path Central
Number     Date      Eclipse     ΔT    Num  Num  Type  Gamma    Mag.   Lat.   Long. Alt Azm Width   Dur.
                                  s                                      °      °    °    °   km

04815  0017 Aug 10  14:07:44  10274 -24519   84   H   -0.6750  1.0118  22.9S   4.9W  47  24   54  01m08s
04824  0020 Dec 03  13:49:49  10240 -24478   81   H    0.6453  1.0098  18.0N  15.5E  50 183   44  01m01s
04861  0035 Aug 21  21:43:50  10093 -24296   84   H2  -0.6201  1.0130  21.7S 120.2W  52  27   56  01m13s
04870  0038 Dec 14  22:33:40  10060 -24255   81   H    0.6427  1.0128  16.7N 118.1W  50 178   57  01m19s
04876  0041 Apr 19  07:54:46  10036 -24226   68   H    0.2062  1.0139  22.0N  99.2E  78 163   49  01m24s
04906  0053 Sep 01  05:29:38   9913 -24073   84   H2  -0.5723  1.0138  21.8S 122.2E  55  29   57  01m15s
04950  0071 Sep 12  13:25:34   9735 -23850   84   H2  -0.5324  1.0142  23.1S   2.1E  58  31   57  01m15s
04994  0089 Sep 22  21:31:16   9558 -23627   84   H2  -0.4994  1.0146  25.2S 120.3W  60  33   57  01m15s
05039  0107 Oct 04  05:45:26   9382 -23404   84   H2  -0.4727  1.0149  28.1S 115.2E  62  33   57  01m15s
05084  0125 Oct 14  14:08:53   9207 -23181   84   H2  -0.4532  1.0153  31.5S  11.4W  63  33   58  01m16s

05128  0143 Oct 25  22:40:07   9034 -22958   84   H2  -0.4397  1.0158  35.1S 139.5W  64  32   60  01m18s
05237  0190 Oct 16  20:54:58   8584 -22377   85   H3   0.4293  1.0152  15.6N  93.9W  64 197   57  01m30s
05258  0200 Apr 01  11:59:38   8494 -22260   71   H   -0.3166  1.0139  11.8S  45.4E  71 331   50  01m17s
05278  0208 Oct 27  05:23:55   8413 -22154   85   H    0.4189  1.0103  11.2N 136.7E  65 194   39  01m03s
05593  0349 Sep 28  23:41:03   7086 -20411   88   H3  -0.2467  1.0163  15.0S 155.2W  76  30   57  01m27s
05614  0359 Mar 15  15:44:41   6997 -20294   74   H    0.4444  1.0126  23.2N  33.1W  63 161   48  01m13s
05960  0508 Sep 11  02:53:05   5576 -18445   91   H3   0.0826  1.0173   8.6N 160.3E  85 198   59  01m45s
06004  0526 Sep 22  10:50:19   5401 -18222   91   H    0.0476  1.0111   2.3N  38.8E  87 198   38  01m08s
06406  0685 Sep 04  14:09:25   3922 -16256   94   H    0.1074  1.0116  11.6N  13.7W  84 209   40  01m04s
06774  0844 Aug 17  17:52:11   2627 -14290   97   H   -0.2475  1.0117   1.8S  80.3W  76  14   42  01m15s

06855  0881 Mar 04  03:08:22   2336 -13838  102   H2  -0.3624  1.0167  25.1S 152.5E  69 341   61  01m35s


Calendar

The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..


Predictions

The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).

The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:

  1. pre-1950's: ΔT calculated from empirical fits to historical records derived by Morrison and Stephenson (2004)
  2. 1955-present: ΔT obtained from published observations
  3. future: ΔT is extrapolated from current values weighted by the long term trend from tidal effects

A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.


Footnotes

[1] Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. (See: Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses)

[2] The terms BCE and CE are abbreviations for "Before Common Era" and "Common Era," respectively. They are the secular equivalents to the BC and AD dating conventions. (See: Year Dating Conventions )

[3] Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).

[4] Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to the Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is virtually identical to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.


Acknowledgments

Special thanks to Dan McGlaun for extracting the individual eclipse maps from the Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 for use in this catalog.

The Besselian elements used in the predictions were kindly provided by Jean Meeus. All eclipse calculations are by Fred Espenak, and he assumes full responsibility for their accuracy. Some of the information presented on this web site is based on data originally published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000

Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:

"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)"


Eclipse Links

Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses

Ten Millennium Catalog of Long Solar Eclipses

Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series

World Atlas of Solar Eclipse Paths

2007 May 11