The periodicity and recurrence of solar eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node[1] with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and at the same time of year. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses. Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central[2] eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole. For more information, see Periodicity of Solar Eclipses.
Solar eclipses of Saros 35 all occur at the Moon’s ascending node and the Moon moves southward with each eclipse. The series began with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on -1870 Jul 25. The series ended with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on -0373 Jan 09. The total duration of Saros series 35 is 1496.50 years. In summary:
First Eclipse = -1870 Jul 25 01:47:41 TD Last Eclipse = -0373 Jan 09 10:07:20 TD Duration of Saros 35 = 1496.50 Years
Saros 35 is composed of 84 solar eclipses as follows:
| Solar Eclipses of Saros 35 | |||
| Eclipse Type | Symbol | Number | Percent |
| All Eclipses | - | 84 | 100.0% |
| Partial | P | 41 | 48.8% |
| Annular | A | 3 | 3.6% |
| Total | T | 38 | 45.2% |
| Hybrid[3] | H | 2 | 2.4% |
Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 35 appears in the following table.
| Umbral Eclipses of Saros 35 | ||
| Classification | Number | Percent |
| All Umbral Eclipses | 43 | 100.0% |
| Central (two limits) | 43 | 100.0% |
| Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
| Non-Central (one limit) | 0 | 0.0% |
The following string illustrates the sequence of the 84 eclipses in Saros 35: 22P 3A 2H 38T 19P
The longest and shortest central eclipses of Saros 35 as well as largest and smallest partial eclipses are listed in the below.
| Extreme Durations and Magnitudes of Solar Eclipses of Saros 35 | |||
| Extrema Type | Date | Duration | Magnitude |
| Longest Annular Solar Eclipse | -1473 Mar 20 | 01m19s | - |
| Shortest Annular Solar Eclipse | -1437 Apr 10 | 00m06s | - |
| Longest Total Solar Eclipse | -0788 May 04 | 05m59s | - |
| Shortest Total Solar Eclipse | -1383 May 12 | 01m22s | - |
| Longest Hybrid Solar Eclipse | -1401 May 02 | 00m55s | - |
| Shortest Hybrid Solar Eclipse | -1419 Apr 21 | 00m26s | - |
| Largest Partial Solar Eclipse | -1491 Mar 08 | - | 0.95202 |
| Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse | -1870 Jul 25 | - | 0.00809 |
The catalog below lists concise details and local circumstances at greatest eclipse[5] for every solar eclipse in Saros 35. A description or explanation of each parameter listed in the catalog can be found in Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series.
Several fields in the catalog link to web pages or files containing additional information for each eclipse (for the years -1999 through +3000). The following gives a brief explanation of each link.
For an animation showing how the eclipse path changes with each member of the series, see Animation of Saros 35.
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat Long Alt Width Dur.
s ° ° ° km
00314 -35 -1870 Jul 25 01:47:41 43349 -47859 Pb 1.5600 0.0081 66.8N 151.8E 0
00361 -34 -1852 Aug 04 08:41:15 42926 -47636 P 1.5009 0.1091 67.9N 35.6E 0
00407 -33 -1834 Aug 15 15:45:30 42505 -47413 P 1.4493 0.1971 68.9N 83.8W 0
00452 -32 -1816 Aug 25 22:59:47 42087 -47190 P 1.4050 0.2724 69.8N 153.6E 0
00498 -31 -1798 Sep 06 06:25:28 41670 -46967 P 1.3692 0.3331 70.6N 27.6E 0
00544 -30 -1780 Sep 16 14:01:07 41255 -46744 P 1.3406 0.3814 71.2N 101.6W 0
00589 -29 -1762 Sep 27 21:45:47 40843 -46521 P 1.3186 0.4185 71.6N 126.6E 0
00634 -28 -1744 Oct 08 05:39:41 40432 -46298 P 1.3033 0.4443 71.7N 7.8W 0
00680 -27 -1726 Oct 19 13:40:25 40024 -46075 P 1.2925 0.4624 71.6N 144.0W 0
00726 -26 -1708 Oct 29 21:47:25 39618 -45852 P 1.2865 0.4725 71.2N 78.5E 0
00770 -25 -1690 Nov 10 05:56:47 39213 -45629 P 1.2815 0.4809 70.6N 59.0W 0
00814 -24 -1672 Nov 20 14:09:47 38811 -45406 P 1.2789 0.4852 69.7N 163.1E 0
00854 -23 -1654 Dec 01 22:21:49 38411 -45183 P 1.2745 0.4928 68.8N 26.2E 0
00895 -22 -1636 Dec 12 06:32:48 38013 -44960 P 1.2687 0.5027 67.7N 109.8W 0
00936 -21 -1618 Dec 23 14:39:12 37617 -44737 P 1.2582 0.5207 66.6N 115.9E 0
00977 -20 -1599 Jan 02 22:41:56 37223 -44514 P 1.2439 0.5453 65.5N 16.9W 0
01018 -19 -1581 Jan 14 06:38:15 36831 -44291 P 1.2234 0.5810 64.5N 147.6W 0
01059 -18 -1563 Jan 24 14:27:55 36442 -44068 P 1.1965 0.6282 63.5N 83.6E 0
01100 -17 -1545 Feb 04 22:09:58 36054 -43845 P 1.1621 0.6891 62.7N 42.8W 0
01140 -16 -1527 Feb 15 05:44:59 35668 -43622 P 1.1210 0.7626 62.0N 167.3W 0
01180 -15 -1509 Feb 26 13:11:48 35285 -43399 P 1.0720 0.8508 61.4N 70.4E 0
01220 -14 -1491 Mar 08 20:32:07 34903 -43176 P 1.0164 0.9520 60.9N 50.1W 0
01260 -13 -1473 Mar 20 03:45:39 34524 -42953 A 0.9541 0.9823 53.6N 140.1W 17 207 01m19s
01300 -12 -1455 Mar 30 10:54:58 34147 -42730 A 0.8869 0.9909 49.7N 118.4E 27 67 00m42s
01341 -11 -1437 Apr 10 17:57:46 33771 -42507 A 0.8132 0.9987 47.6N 16.1E 35 8 00m06s
01382 -10 -1419 Apr 21 00:58:56 33398 -42284 H 0.7371 1.0055 46.5N 86.5W 42 28 00m26s
01423 -09 -1401 May 02 07:56:36 33027 -42061 H 0.6571 1.0118 45.9N 171.9E 49 53 00m55s
01464 -08 -1383 May 12 14:55:38 32658 -41838 T 0.5768 1.0173 45.4N 70.0E 55 72 01m22s
01506 -07 -1365 May 23 21:53:13 32291 -41615 T 0.4943 1.0220 44.6N 31.2W 60 86 01m47s
01548 -06 -1347 Jun 03 04:55:30 31926 -41392 T 0.4146 1.0260 43.3N 133.8W 65 97 02m09s
01591 -05 -1329 Jun 14 12:00:01 31563 -41169 T 0.3360 1.0292 41.3N 122.7E 70 105 02m30s
01634 -04 -1311 Jun 24 19:10:53 31203 -40946 T 0.2617 1.0317 38.5N 17.0E 75 111 02m48s
01678 -03 -1293 Jul 06 02:26:36 30844 -40723 T 0.1903 1.0335 35.0N 90.6W 79 115 03m04s
01723 -02 -1275 Jul 16 09:51:11 30487 -40500 T 0.1255 1.0347 30.8N 158.6E 83 118 03m16s
01767 -01 -1257 Jul 27 17:23:13 30133 -40277 T 0.0662 1.0352 26.1N 45.2E 86 119 03m24s
01813 00 -1239 Aug 07 01:04:07 29780 -40054 T 0.0136 1.0354 21.0N 71.2W 89 119 03m28s
01858 01 -1221 Aug 18 08:54:26 29430 -39831 T -0.0318 1.0351 15.6N 169.4E 88 118 03m27s
01902 02 -1203 Aug 28 16:54:32 29082 -39608 T -0.0696 1.0347 10.1N 47.2E 86 117 03m24s
01947 03 -1185 Sep 09 01:04:17 28735 -39385 T -0.1000 1.0341 4.6N 77.7W 84 115 03m19s
01993 04 -1167 Sep 19 09:22:26 28391 -39162 T -0.1239 1.0336 0.9S 155.2E 83 114 03m14s
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat Long Alt Width Dur.
s ° ° ° km
02039 05 -1149 Sep 30 17:49:36 28049 -38939 T -0.1406 1.0331 6.2S 25.9E 82 113 03m09s
02085 06 -1131 Oct 11 02:23:56 27709 -38716 T -0.1518 1.0329 11.3S 105.0W 81 112 03m05s
02131 07 -1113 Oct 22 11:04:26 27371 -38493 Tm -0.1583 1.0330 16.2S 122.9E 81 113 03m04s
02175 08 -1095 Nov 01 19:50:07 27035 -38270 T -0.1609 1.0335 20.6S 10.1W 81 114 03m04s
02218 09 -1077 Nov 13 04:39:31 26701 -38047 T -0.1610 1.0345 24.5S 143.5W 81 118 03m08s
02261 10 -1059 Nov 23 13:30:32 26370 -37824 T -0.1600 1.0360 27.8S 83.3E 81 123 03m15s
02304 11 -1041 Dec 04 22:21:18 26040 -37601 T -0.1597 1.0380 30.5S 49.3W 81 129 03m23s
02348 12 -1023 Dec 15 07:11:01 25712 -37378 T -0.1607 1.0405 32.3S 178.8E 81 137 03m34s
02390 13 -1005 Dec 26 15:57:57 25387 -37155 T -0.1647 1.0434 33.4S 48.0E 80 147 03m46s
02431 14 -0986 Jan 06 00:39:41 25063 -36932 T -0.1735 1.0467 33.7S 81.4W 80 158 03m59s
02472 15 -0968 Jan 17 09:15:55 24742 -36709 T -0.1871 1.0503 33.2S 150.5E 79 170 04m12s
02513 16 -0950 Jan 27 17:45:09 24423 -36486 T -0.2071 1.0541 32.2S 24.0E 78 183 04m25s
02554 17 -0932 Feb 08 02:07:49 24106 -36263 T -0.2330 1.0579 30.6S 101.1W 76 196 04m38s
02594 18 -0914 Feb 18 10:21:12 23790 -36040 T -0.2669 1.0617 28.9S 135.8E 74 210 04m51s
02634 19 -0896 Feb 29 18:27:53 23477 -35817 T -0.3068 1.0652 27.0S 14.1E 72 223 05m04s
02675 20 -0878 Mar 12 02:25:29 23166 -35594 T -0.3543 1.0685 25.2S 105.6W 69 237 05m16s
02716 21 -0860 Mar 22 10:16:37 22857 -35371 T -0.4074 1.0712 23.7S 136.2E 66 251 05m28s
02756 22 -0842 Apr 02 17:59:38 22551 -35148 T -0.4674 1.0733 22.8S 19.9E 62 266 05m39s
02796 23 -0824 Apr 13 01:37:47 22246 -34925 T -0.5315 1.0747 22.5S 95.3W 58 282 05m49s
02837 24 -0806 Apr 24 09:10:23 21943 -34702 T -0.6002 1.0752 23.1S 150.7E 53 300 05m56s
02878 25 -0788 May 04 16:38:37 21642 -34479 T -0.6724 1.0747 24.9S 37.6E 48 322 05m59s
02919 26 -0770 May 16 00:03:57 21344 -34256 T -0.7469 1.0732 28.1S 75.0W 41 352 05m54s
02960 27 -0752 May 26 07:27:48 21047 -34033 T -0.8222 1.0705 33.0S 172.5E 34 398 05m40s
03002 28 -0734 Jun 06 14:51:32 20753 -33810 T -0.8975 1.0665 40.2S 59.8E 26 491 05m12s
03046 29 -0716 Jun 16 22:15:24 20460 -33587 T -0.9722 1.0601 52.4S 52.2W 13 874 04m21s
03090 30 -0698 Jun 28 05:42:08 20170 -33364 P -1.0443 0.9358 65.4S 166.3W 0
03135 31 -0680 Jul 08 13:12:07 19882 -33141 P -1.1128 0.8025 66.4S 69.6E 0
03180 32 -0662 Jul 19 20:46:12 19596 -32918 P -1.1775 0.6774 67.4S 56.0W 0
03225 33 -0644 Jul 30 04:25:23 19312 -32695 P -1.2375 0.5622 68.4S 176.7E 0
03271 34 -0626 Aug 10 12:11:00 19030 -32472 P -1.2917 0.4591 69.3S 47.2E 0
03317 35 -0608 Aug 20 20:03:46 18750 -32249 P -1.3392 0.3698 70.2S 84.6W 0
03364 36 -0590 Sep 01 04:02:30 18472 -32026 P -1.3812 0.2916 70.9S 141.4E 0
03412 37 -0572 Sep 11 12:09:48 18196 -31803 P -1.4156 0.2284 71.4S 4.9E 0
03458 38 -0554 Sep 22 20:23:51 17922 -31580 P -1.4442 0.1769 71.7S 133.8W 0
03503 39 -0536 Oct 03 04:46:01 17651 -31357 P -1.4657 0.1389 71.7S 85.3E 0
03548 40 -0518 Oct 14 13:12:47 17381 -31134 P -1.4830 0.1090 71.5S 56.6W 0
03593 41 -0500 Oct 24 21:46:30 17111 -30911 P -1.4943 0.0902 71.0S 160.0E 0
03638 42 -0482 Nov 05 06:23:22 16791 -30688 P -1.5027 0.0767 70.4S 16.1E 0
03681 43 -0464 Nov 15 15:03:43 16481 -30465 P -1.5080 0.0687 69.5S 128.0W 0
03725 44 -0446 Nov 26 23:44:34 16179 -30242 P -1.5126 0.0618 68.5S 88.4E 0
TD of
Seq. Rel. Calendar Greatest Luna Ecl. Ecl. Sun Path Central
Num. Num. Date Eclipse ΔT Num. Type Gamma Mag. Lat Long Alt Width Dur.
s ° ° ° km
03769 45 -0428 Dec 07 08:26:02 15886 -30019 P -1.5165 0.0560 67.5S 54.6W 0
03811 46 -0410 Dec 18 17:04:14 15600 -29796 P -1.5225 0.0462 66.4S 163.8E 0
03853 47 -0392 Dec 29 01:38:40 15321 -29573 P -1.5311 0.0315 65.3S 23.6E 0
03895 48 -0373 Jan 09 10:07:20 15049 -29350 Pe -1.5438 0.0092 64.3S 114.7W 0
The Gregorian calendar is used for all dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates. The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions ). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..
The coordinates of the Sun used in these predictions are based on the VSOP87 theory [Bretagnon and Francou, 1988]. The Moon's coordinates are based on the ELP-2000/82 theory [Chapront-Touze and Chapront, 1983]. For more information, see: Solar and Lunar Ephemerides. The revised value used for the Moon's secular acceleration is n-dot = -25.858 arc-sec/cy*cy, as deduced from the Apollo lunar laser ranging experiment (Chapront, Chapront-Touze, and Francou, 2002).
The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:
A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -1999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.
[1] The Moon's orbit is inclined about 5 degrees to Earth's orbit around the Sun. The points where the lunar orbit intersects the plane of Earth's orbit are known as the nodes. The Moon moves from south to north of Earth's orbit at the ascending node, and from north to south at the descending node.
[2]Central solar eclipses are eclipses in which the central axis of the Moon's shadow strikes the Earth's surface. All partial (penumbral) eclipses are non-central eclipses since the shadow axis misses Earth. However, umbral eclipses (total, annular and hybrid) may be either central (usually) or non-central (rarely).
[3]Hybrid eclipses are also known as annular/total eclipses. Such an eclipse is both total and annular along different sections of its umbral path. For more information, see Five Millennium Catalog of Hybrid Solar Eclipses .
[4]Greatest eclipse is defined as the instant when the axis of the Moon's shadow passes closest to Earth's center. For total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is nearly equal to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.
The information presented on this web page is based on data published in Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 and Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000. The individual global maps appearing in links (both GIF an animation) were extracted from full page plates appearing in Five Millennium Canon by Dan McGlaun. The Besselian elements were provided by Jean Meeus. Fred Espenak assumes full responsibility for the accuracy of all eclipse calculations.
Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment:
"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)"
